EnigmA Amiga Run 1995 October/EnigmA AMIGA RUN 01 (1995)(G.R. Edizioni)(IT)[!][issue 1995-10][Aminet 7].iso/Aminet/util/shell/csh543mberndt.lha/csh.doc

Text File | 1995-04-19 | 112KB | 3,339 lines

        INSTRUCTIONS FOR C-SHELL VERSION: 5.43 (April 1995)
        ===================================================

  Contents
  --------

    O.    Installation
    I.    Description
    II.    Overview of major features
    III.    Restrictions
    IV.    Pipes
    V.    Command Pre-processor
    VI.    Command Line Editing
    VII.    Function Keys
    VIII.    Shell Commands
    IX.    Special Set Variables
    X.    Functions
    XI.    Miscellaneous
    XII.    Example source files
    XIII.    Default values
    XIV.    Object oriented features
    XV.    Keymaps
    XVI.    Scrolling



O.  Installation
----------------

This program requires at least AmigaOS 2.04 (KS37.175, WB37.67) or higher.

For  online  help  inside csh, assign CSH:  somewhere and put csh.doc there.
Then  you can use the 'man' command for any desired command.  Press the HELP
key for a command list.

You  can  simply  invoke  csh  from  the  command line or at the end of your
startup-sequence,  because  csh is, from the AmigaDOS standpoint, not a true
shell  like  l:shell-seg.   Nevertheless, csh is 'pure', so if your archiver
forgot to set the 'p' bit, do it right now.

Proposed final setup:  If you want to make csh resident, do the following:

  1. Copy csh anywhere on your (hard)disk, e.g. dh1:tools
  2. Make sure your s:startup-sequence contains:
    resident dh1:tools/csh add
    csh
  4. In s:.login, put any commands to be called only once, like setmap,
    assign, setclock. This is a shell script, use # for comments, and
    don't use .key type commands.
  5. In s:.cshrc, you put any commands that need to be executed on every
    invocation, like 'alias', 'set' and so on.
  6. Put the following to s:cli-startup and s:shell-startup, so csh will be
    started in any window opened by NewCLI, NewShell or from workbench:
        csh
        endcli


Additionally,  I  recommend  to assign CSH:  somewhere and put your docs and
CShell scripts there.  You can do the assign from inside the shell, it's not
needed at startup.

The file s:.cshrc is executed on every startup (of csh) if it exists,
the file s:.login only on csh's first invocation after boot-time,
the file s:.logout is executed on every termination (of csh).



I.  DESCRIPTION
---------------

This version of Shell is the successor of:
    Shell V2.04 (C)Copyright 1986, Matthew Dillon, All Rights Reserved
    Shell V2.04M-V2.07M by Steve Drew
    Shell V2.08MI, V3.xxA and V4.xxA by Carlo Borreo & Cesare Dieni
    Shell V5.xxL by U. Dominik Mueller
    Shell V5.20+ by Andreas M. Kirchwitz



Responsible for the V5.20+ series of Cshell is:

    Andreas M. Kirchwitz
    Seesener Str. 69
    D-10709 Berlin
    Germany

    UUCP/Internet: [e-mail]

Send wishes, detailed bug reports (and the beer bottles :) to the above
address. Postcards welcome!

For bug reports, I need your Csh version number and a reproducable bug
generation example.

If you report Enforcer hits please send the complete Enforcer and SegTracker
output. Otherwise it's of no earthly use.

The V5.20+ series is an ARP-free, OS-2.x-only pre-6.0 version of Cshell.
It only has an english ascii-doc, but it sweetens the time until Csh 6.x
(by Urban Mueller) is available (whenever this might be ;-)

Please check the 'restrictions' chapter before reporting any bugs and add
your CShell version and a description of your configuration.

You may distribute this program unmodified and for non-profit only.
   *** YOU MAY NOT MODIFY THIS PROGRAM AND REDISTRIBUTE IT ***
Please contact me if you want to make changes.


AVAILABILITY
------------

CShell can always be downloaded at the AUGL BBS.  Some additionals parts
(French documentation) are available there, too.

For those who want to get it per FIDO file request, the archive is always
named like 'csh513.lzh' for CShell 5.13 and 'csh513s.lzh' for its source.

CShell is available via FTP from AmiNet ftp.wustl.edu (and mirrors) in the
directory /pub/amiga/shell/ (the archive names are the same) and via E-Mail
from "[e-mail]" in the same directory.


CREDITS
-------

Arexx is a program by William Hawes.
Cygnus Ed Professional (C) 1988 CygnusSoft Software.

Thanks to:

Matt Dillon, Steve Drew, Calro Borreo and Cesare Dieni for the previous
versions of Csh.

Ralph Babel, Eddy Carroll, Gary Duncan, Randell Jesup, Steve Koren, Tim
MacKenzie, Axel Roebel, Mike Schwartz for their code contributions and
suggestions.

Michael Beer, Carl Johan Block, Hubert Feyere, Magnus Heldestad, Carsten
Heyl, Alex Liu, Declan McArdle, Svante Eriksson, Luke Mewburn, Peter Orbaek,
Allard Siemelink, Roddi Walker, Shimon Weissman and the unknown Swedish guy
who found the double-LF bug for their bug reports and feedback.

Roy Haverman, Martin Horneffer, Hans-Christian Huerlimann, Daniel Pfulg,
Patrizio Rusconi, Christian Schneider and especially Markus Illenseer for
the German translation of the doc.

Olivier Berger for the French translation of the doc.


AMIGAGUIDE
----------

  AmigaGuide, AmigaGuide.info, amigaguide.library, WDisplay, WDisplay.info
       (c) Copyright 1992 Commodore-Amiga, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
          Reproduced and distributed under license from Commodore.

       AMIGAGUIDE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE;
     NO WARRANTIES ARE MADE.  ALL USE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK.  NO LIABILITY
                        OR RESPONSIBILITY IS ASSUMED.


II. OVERVIEW
------------

Shell provides a convenient AmigaDos alternative command interface.  All its
commands  are internal and thus it does not rely on the c:  commands for any
functionality.

Major features include:
    - freely programmable command line editing
    - simple history
    - piping
    - aliases with arguments
    - variables & variable handling (embedded variables)
    - file name expansion via wild carding ('?', '*' and more)
    - conditionals (if/else etc..)
    - source files  (w/ gotos and labels)
    - tab file name completion
    - object oriented features (file classes, actions)
    - many built in commands to speed things up
    - full functionality on VT terminals

CShell runs on minimum stack, for recursive aliases and source files better
increase stack to 10K or more.

If you use CShell for the first time, remember the following:
    - CShell internal commands must be lowercase & can be abbreviated
    - AmigaDOS command 'Execute' causes some trouble. You cannot
      redirect it, you must not rename it, and you get no return code.
      You can also use 'source' to start your scripts, but you'll have
      to rewrite them a bit. Besides the '.key'-type commands, 'source'
      is downward compatible with 'Execute'.
    - You can always get more information on a command if csh.doc is
      in the current directory or in csh: (you will be able to modify
      this) and you enter 'man <command>'
    - The wild card #? doesn't work. Use *
       (#? only works if you "escape" it... better use * :-)


III. RESTRICTIONS
-----------------

The c:Execute command cannot be redirected, does not return error codes, and
might cause other problems. It will not work at all if it has been renamed.

The  VDK: handler and Frank Seidel's BootRam-Handler have a bug with setting
file  dates,  so  when  using  the copy command you should try the -d and -p
switches, otherwise your file date will be bad. (This is not a shell bug)

If  using  it with conman you may consider starting shell with the -a switch
to  turn  off  shell's  command line editing and use conmans instead. You'll
lose, however, many shell features like file name completion.

CB-handler  (a tool that installs a scrollbar in the CLI window) is not 100%
compatible  with  cshell.  The log will not always represent the real screen
contents.

Don't  use  the  "Iconify" feature of KingCON (a CON-Handler replacement that
gives  you  scrollbar  and  other  features in CLI windows). Don't ignore the
warning,  KingCON  gives you when iconifying a Cshell window. This will crash
your  system  because Iconify makes Cshell's internal window pointer invalid.
Start Cshell with option "-a" or "-t" to use "Iconify" safely.


IV. NOTES ON PIPES
------------------

    PIPES
    PIPES  have  been implemented using temporary T:  files.  Thus, you
    should be  careful  when  specifying  a 't:*' expansion as it might
    include the temporary files. These files are deleted on completion
    of the pipe segment.

    The file names used are completely unique, even with multiple shell
    running simultaneously.

    My  favorite  new  feature is the fact that you can now redirect to
    and  from,  and pipe internal commands.  'echo charlie >ram:x', for
    instance.  Another favorite:

    echo "echo mem | csh" | csh

    No BCPL program should be output-append redirected (>>).


V.  COMMAND PRE-PROCESSOR
-------------------------

    PREPROCESSING
    Preprocessing is done on the command line before it is passed on to
    an internal or external routine:

    ^c    where c is a character is converted to that control
        character. Thus, say '^l' for control-l.

    \233    insert character code 233 octal. Do not use values between
        200o and 232o, as they have special meanings. \240 is the
        word separator.

    $name    where name is a variable name. Variable names can consist
        of 0-9, a-z, A-Z, and underscore (_).  The contents of the
        specified variable is used.  If the shell variable doesn't
        exist, csh tries to find a local or global (ENV:) variable
        of the same name. If that fails, too, "$name" is inserted.
        That is, if the variable 'i' contains 'charlie',
        then '$i' -> 'charlie'.
        If the variable 'i' doesn't exist, then '$i' -> '$i'.

    ;    delimits commands.   echo charlie ; echo ben.

    ' '    (a space). Spaces delimit arguments.

    "string" a quoted string. Trailing quotes are optional.
        For instance, if you want to echo five spaces and an 'a':

        echo      a       -> a
        echo "    a"      ->      a

        See also builtin variable "_cquote".

    \c    override the meaning of special characters.
        '\^a' is a circumflex and an a rather than control-a.
        To get a backslash, you must say '\\'.

        also used to overide alias searching for commands.

    >file    specify output redirection.  All output from the command is
        placed in the specified file.

    >>file    specify append redirection
        (Does not work with BCPL programs).

    <file    specify input redirection. The command takes input from the
        file rather than the keyboard (note: not all commands
        require input; it makes no sense to say 'echo <charlie'
        since the 'echo' command only outputs its arguments).

    <>file    specify input AND output redirection. The file must be
        either "NIL:" or an interactive stream (eg, a console
        window: <>CON:////InOut).

    |    PIPE specifier.  The output from the command on the left
        becomes the input to the command on the right.  The current
        SHELL implementation uses temporary files to store the data.

    !!    execute the previously executed command.
    !nn    (nn is a number).  Insert the history command numbered n
        (see the HISTORY command)
    !partial search backwards through the history list for a command
        which looks the same as 'partial', and execute it.

    #    enter comment.  The rest of the line is discarded.
        (note: \# will, of course, overide the comment character's
               special meaning)

    {e hi;e ho} executes two commands as one, so they can be redirected
        together (see ALIAS command). The trailing curly brace is
        optional.

    $(foo)    insert the stdout of the command 'foo' at this position of
        the command line. Every line of the output will count as one
        argument. The closing parenthesis is optional.

    `foo`    insert the stdout of the command 'foo' at this position of
        the command line. Every blank separated word will count as
        one argument. Leading, trailing and multiple blanks will be
        removed. The trailing backtick is optional.

    $nn    (nn is a number).  Cshell scripts only!
        Insert argument number nn for $nn.  Thus, $1 becomes the
        first argument, $2 the second, $3 the third and so on.
        $0 is the name of the command (script).  If there's no
        argument nn then $nn remains unchanged (unset variable).

    $#    Number of arguments.  Cshell scripts only!
        For example: if $# is 3 then $3 will be the highest
        meaningful variable for an argument.

    --    stop option parsing here. Works for internal commands only.
        Example: rm -- -x will remove the file '-x'

    Please note the subtle differences between
        alias count {echo one;echo two}
        alias count "echo one;echo two
    The first form will create an alias that contains a local alias. The
    other will create a plain alias. Also, things within braces will not
    be parsed more than once, therefore a backslash needs not be pre-
    ceded by a pair of backslashes. Thus the commands look the same as
    if they were to be typed in at the prompt. To echo lots of '#',
    either use:
        forever {echo \#
        forever "echo \\\#
    A block can spread over several lines. Refer to the SOURCE command.


VI. COMMAND LINE EDITING
------------------------

    o The command line can be up to 255 chars.
    o Inserts  and  deletes  are handled correctly over multiple lines.
    o The script 'menu.sh' installs an intuition menu that contains most
      editing functions

    EDITING

    -- MOVING --
    Left Arrow      One character left
    Right Arrow      One character right
    Shift-Left Arrow  One word left
    Shift-Right Arrow One word right
    ESC-Left Arrow      Beginning of line (^A) (^Z)
    ESC-Right Arrow      End of line       (^E)
    -- DELETING --
    Backspace      Previous character
    Del          Character under cursor
    ESC-Backspace      Previous word     (^W)
    ESC-Del          Next word
    ESC-x-Backspace      To start of line  (^B)
    ESC-x-Del      To end of line    (^K)
    ESC-d          Entire line       (^X)
    -- HISTORY --
    Up Arrow      Recall previous commands
    Down Arrow      Recall commands
    Shift-Up Arow      Get history from partial (or number)
    Shift-Down Arrow  Go below last command of history
    ESC-Up Arrow      Get start of history
    ESC-Down Arrow      Get end of history
    ESC-!          Get history from partial (or number)
    ^T          Insert tail (all but first word) of previous line
    ^P          Duplicate previous word (useful for mv)
    -- COMPLETION --
    TAB          Inserts first matching file name
    Shift-TAB      Inserts longest common substring
    ESC-TAB          Inserts all matching file names (also ESC-*)
    ESC-c          Does a quick cd on left word (TAB for cycling)
    ESC-~          Inserts the last current directory
    ^D          Shows all files that match a pattern (also ESC-=)
    ESC-p          Insert first/next matching program name
    ESC-P          Shows all matching program names
    -- EXECUTING LINE --
    Return          Executes line
    ESC-Return      Executes this line of history & brings up next one
    ^N          Next line. Don't exec this one but store history
    ^\          EOF (directly exits)
    -- MISCELLANEOUS --
    ^L          Retype current line.
    ^O          Echo a ^O
    ^R          Repeat last command (don't play with this)
    ^U          Undo/Redo last edit
    ^V          Quote next char
    ESC-i          Toggle Insert/Overwrite
    f1-f10          Execute command if variable exists.
    F1-F10          More commands (Shifted f keys).
    Help          Invokes help command

Whenever  the  cursor is placed on or directly after an incomplete file name
and   you   press  TAB,  CShell  inserts  for  the  first  filename  (sorted
alphabetically) that matches the name part already typed.  Any wildcards are
allowed  here, if none are given, '*' is appended.  Immediately pressing TAB
again  brings  up  the next file name that matched the substring.  Shift-TAB
will  only  insert  the  as much as is common to all files that matched your
abbreviation.  If pressed again, behaves just like TAB.  ESC-Tab inserts the
name  of the directory where you would have ended up with a quick cd to that
substring.

Note that ^D now means 'quit batchfile' like under AmigaDOS and is no longer
used for quitting CShell.  If you want it back, enter 'keymap 0 4=41'

The  CTRL  keys  FGVY  are unset, feel free to map them to any function (see
chapter XV).  You can also remap all preset keys.

VII. FUNCTION KEYS
------------------

    FUNKEY
    Function keys now insert text to the current position on the command
    line. They may be terminated with a ^M (return). f1 would be non-
    shifted where as F1 is shifted.
    Most of functions key have a default definition, but it may be
    changed.

        $ set f1 dir df0:^M

    will add the text 'dir df0:<return>' to the current line.

        $ set f1 dir

    would only add 'dir' you could then enter ' df0:<return>'


VIII. SHELL COMMANDS
--------------------

    STARTUP OPTIONS
    First to start shell from a CLI:

    csh [-abcCfiknstv] [-c command;command]
    csh [-abcCfiknstv] [batchfile1 ... batchfileN]

     -a  AUX: mode. No command line editing and text highlighting
          (window opening is not forced and AUTO-windows don't lose
           the ability to be closed)
     -b  starts shell in background, which means only task priority -1.
     -c  allows execution of one command line and then exits out
         of  shell.   This  is  useful for running an internal shell
         commands in the background or from an external application:
        run csh -c "dir df0:; copy -r df0: df1: >nil:; echo Done"
     -C  same as -c, but the command line is not parsed twice. This
         allows passing of file names with blanks within.
        run csh -C rm "Ram Disk:tempfile"
     -f  starts shell in foreground, which means only task priority 1.
         you might reset this prioritiy to 0 at the end of your .login
     -k  sets _nobreak before doing anything
     -L  suppresses starting of s:.logout
     -m  sets _nomatch  (which is unset by default)
     -M  don't clear menus (especially for KingCON),
         by default CSH clears menus of its window
     -n  suppresses starting of s:.login
     -N  suppresses starting of s:.cshrc
     -s  globally enables the asterisk * as alias for #? in AmigaDOS 2.0
         This means you can use * inside file requesters as well.
         (obsolete option -- * is default -- #? is still allowed !!)
     -t  terminal mode. You can use command line editing and text high-
         lighting on a VT100 compatible terminal. To swap backspace
         and DEL, refer to the 'keymap' command
          (window opening is not forced and AUTO-windows don't lose
           the ability to be closed)
     -v  sets _verbose to 'hs' before doing anything.
     -V  send only VT100 compatible control sequences
          (no special Amiga control sequences)
     -w  don't fetch pointer of window Cshell is running in,
          eg, for running Cshell remote or with KingCON (iconify)
          (menus, titlebar and some window related commands disabled)

    COMMAND EXECUTION

    Internal shell commands are case sensitive and may be abbreviated.
    Also commands buffered with "rehash" may be abbreviated. This can
    be toggled with the variable "_abbrev".

   The first argument is the command-name... here is (in order) how Shell
   tries to execute it:

    1)  The alias list is searched for an alias with an exactly
        matching name.
    2)  Internal commands list is scanned for a command even partially
        matching name (so you can, for instance, say resi for resident;
        however, you should specify enough of a command to be unique).
    3)  Then, the list of functions is scanned for a command that
        matches completely. If one is found, the result of the function
        is echoed to stdout.
    4)  Now the command is assumed to be external.
        Arguments with blanks, semicolons or empty strings will be
        surrounded by quotes.
    5)  If the file is a directory, a 'cd <file>' will be performed to
        it.
    6)  AmigaDOS resident list are scanned for it (you can use Shell's
        'resident' command to add/remove a file in the DOS list).
    7)  If the file is in the current directory and it's executable, it
        is started.
    8)  Then it is searched in the AmigaDOS path and c:
    9)  Now, the shell path ($_path) is searched. If it's found and
        executable, it's started. If it has the 's' bit set, it will
        be executed using the appropriate shell. See FOREIGN SHELLS
    10) If there exists a file with the suffix '.sh' and the same root
        in the current directory or in the shell path, it is 'source'd.
    11) Then the variable _rxpath is examined. If there exists a file
        with the suffix '.rexx' and the same root in the current direc-
        tory or in '$_rxpath', 'RX <file>' will be performed.
    12) If all failed, an 'exec' action is sent to the file. See chapter
        XIV for more info on classes and actions.

    To enforce that the external 'dir'-command is used, enter 'Dir'. It
    is a good habit to uppercase the first letter of all external com-
    mands, even if this is not necessary.

    AUTOMATIC SOURCING may be accomplished by naming shell scripts with
    a .sh suffix.  Thus, if you say 'stuff' and the file 'stuff.sh'
    exists in your current or anywhere in Shell search path (NOTE:
    won't be found in the AmigaDOS path), it will be SOURCED with all
    arguments you have given placed in the $_passed variable.  This is
    equivalent to typing 'source stuff.sh'

    FOREIGN SHELLS are supported through key characters at the beginning
    of their scripts.  If a file in the command search path has the s-bit
    set, the first few bytes are read. If the first two are either '#!'
    or ';!', the rest of the first line will be interpreted as the name
    of the shell that is supposed to execute the script.
    If they are '/*', the command 'RX' is used, if none of the above,
    'c:Execute'. Example:
      #!SKsh -c source

    WILDCARDS
    Most shell commands will accept multiple arguments that can
    be as a result of wild card expansion.  Also when calling
    an external command shell will first expand any wild cards
    to separate arguments.  If you wish to have the external command
    handle it's own wild carding you will need to insert quotes
    around the special wild card characters or use an alias (see
    explanation of 'alias')

    eg.
        arc a new.arc *.txt    - shell will expand and pass to arc
        arc a new.arc "*.txt"    - let arc expand the wild cards.
        alias arc "*a Arc $a"    - now shell will never expand

    The patterns are fairly extensive, and approximate some of the
    ability of Unix/grep "regular expression" patterns.  Here are the
    available tokens:

    ?    Matches a single character.
    #    Matches the following expression 0 or more times.
    (ab|cd)    Matches any one of the items seperated by '|'.
    ~    Negates the following expression.  It matches all strings
        that do not match the expression (aka ~(foo) matches all
        strings that are not exactly "foo").
    [abc]    Character class: matches any of the characters in the class.
    [~bc]    Character class: matches any of the characters not in the
        class.
    a-z    Character range (only within character classes).
    %    Matches 0 characters always (useful in "(foo|bar|%)").
    *    Synonym for "#?", not available by default in 2.0. Available
        as an option that can be turned on.

    "Expression" in the above table means either a single character
    (ex: "#?"), or an alternation (ex: "#(ab|cd|ef)"), or a character
    class (ex: "#[a-zA-Z]").

    Additional wildcards allowed:

    .../*    recursive search down ALL sub directories from current level
    !    synonym for ~, supported for compatibility
    &    prefixed to patterns, ask confirmation for each file
    ~    the previous current directory (if separated)
    Note that a pattern must contain a '?' or a '*', otherwise the other
    special characters are not recognized. Furthermore, you cannot spe-
    cify a single '?' as a pattern in the first argument to a command,
    as this will be passed on to the command in order to show its usage.

    If pattern.library is present it LIBS:, it will be used for the
    matching. (disabled, now Cshell always uses dos.library)

    Examples:

    df0:.../*    all files in all directories on df0:
    df0:.../!*.info    full directory tree of df0: but exclude
            any ugly .info files.
    !*.o !*.c    will result in ALL files matching since what
            doesn't match the !*.o will match the !*.c
    df1:&*        all files in root of df1:, but ask
            confirmation for each
    *.[co]        all files ending in .c or .o
    ~*.[co]        all files NOT ending in .c nor in .o
    ~        the previous current directory
    ~/*.c        all .c files in the previous current directory
    ~//        the parent of the previous current directory
    .        the current directory
    ./foo.c        the same as foo.c
    ..        the parent of the current directory
    ../foo.c    the file foo.c in the parent directory

    Note that some commands prevent wild card expansion. These are:
      - dir, rpn, whereis, window
    Those commands will expand the wild cards themselves. This is why
      dir @without( *.? , *.o )
    will not work. Instead use:
      set arg @without( *.? , *.o );dir $arg

    There is one exception to the rules given above: A single '?' as
    the first argument will *not* expand in order to allow you to get
    the usage of CLI and csh commands easily.

    Due to implementation limitations, patterns are only recognized
    if they contain *, ?, [ or ]. To let Cshell expand patterns which
    does not contain one of these chars just append "[]" to the
    pattern (this will NOT change the meaning of the pattern!)


LIST OF COMMANDS:
-----------------

    ABORTLINE

    Usage    : abortline
    Example    : echo a;abort;echo b
    Results    : a

    Causes the rest of the line to be aborted. Intended for use in
    conjunction with exception handling.

    ACTION

    Usage    : action [-a] actionname file [arguments]
    Example : action extr csh515.lzh csh.doc

    Sends an action to a file. See chapter XIV CLASSES

    Options:
     -a (abort) returns 0 if failed and 1 if successful. Otherwise,
                normal error codes (10 or 11) are returned

    ADDBUFFERS

    Usage    : addbuffers drive
          addbuffers drive buffers [drive buffers ...]
    Example    : addbuffers df0: 24

    Just like AmigaDOS addbuffers command, causes new buffers to be
    allocated for disk I/O.  Each buffer costs 512 bytes of memory,
    CHIP memory if a disk drive. Buffers may be negative (to remove
    buffers from a drive).

    To show actual amount of buffers use "addbuffers drive"
    or "addbuffers drive 0".

    ADDPART (or TACKON)

    Equivalent to TACKON.

    ALIAS

    Usage    : alias [name [command string] ]
    Example    : alias vt "echo Starting VT100;run sys:tools/vt100"

    Sets a name to be a string. You can alias a single name to a set
    of commands if you enclose them in quotes as above. By simply
    typing vt, the command line above would be executed.

    Aliases may call each other, but direct recursion is prohibited,
    so the following works: alias ls "ls -s"
    To prevent alias replacement, enter: \ls

    If you run aliases into background, they will be recursively
    resolved. This may result in endless loops, if the name of the
    alias and the command it runs are equal. Use absolute pathes or
    mix the case of the command to avoid recursion.

    By typing "alias name", you will get the alias for that name, while
    with "alias" you get a list of all alias.

    ARGUMENT PASSING TO AN ALIAS:

    Usage    : alias name "%var[%var...] [ command_string ]"
          alias name "*var[%var...] [ command_string ]"
    Example    : alias xx "%q%w echo hi $q, you look $w
          xx Steve great today
    Results    : hi Steve, you look great today

    The second form of the alias command allows passing of arguments
    to any position within the command string via use of a variable
    name. To pass arguments to the end of a command string this method
    is actually not necessary. These variables are local, so they don't
    destroy another variable with the same name.
    If you specify multiple arguments, every argument will be assigned
    one word, and the last argument will be assigned the rest of the
    command line.

    Using a '*' instead of the first '%' prevents wild card expansion:
        alias zoo "*a zoo $a
    To expand the wild cards after you got them, use
        exec set a $a

    IMPLICIT ALIASES:

    Usage    : {command;command}
          {%var command;command} arg arg
    Example    : {%tmp echo $tmp $tmp} hello    --> hello hello

    Curly braces define temporary aliases. They can be redirected as
    a whole, can have arguments and local variables. They count as
    one argument, even if there are blanks inside (as with quotes), and
    they may be nested. Complex alias definitions can use the braces
    instead of quotes, although this will add some calling overhead.
    The closing curly brace is optional if at the end of line.
    Example:

    alias assert {e "Are you sure? ";input -s sure

    ASCII

    Usage    : ascii [-ho]
          ascii [-ho] string

    If called without arguments, ascii outputs a complete ASCII table.
    Given a string, shows each character in ASCII.

    Options:
     -h shows numbers in hexadecimal
     -o shows numbers in octal

    ASSIGN

    Usage    : assign
          assign logical
          assign [-adlnp] logical1 physical1 [log2 phy2 ... ]

    The first form shows all assigns.
    The second form kills one assign.
    The third form assigns logical1 to physical1 and so on.

    Options:
     -a adds a new path to an existing assign
     -d creates a deferred (late-binding) assign
         (identical with old option -l)
     -p creates a path (non-binding) assign
         (identical with old option -n)

    For definition of add/defer/path, refer to your AmigaDOS manual.

    BASENAME

    Usage    : basename var path [path ...]
    Example    : basename x df0:c/Dir    # sets x to "Dir"

    Sets var specified to basenames of paths.

    CAT (or TYPE)

    Usage    : cat [-n] [file file....]
    Example    : cat foo.txt

    Type the specified files onto the screen.  If no file is specified,
    STDIN in used (note: ^\ is EOF).  CAT is meant to output text files
    only.

    Options:
      -n  output numbered lines.

    CD

    Usage    : cd [path]
          cd -g device1 [device2 [device3 ...]]


    Options:
     -g generate a list of all directories on the given devices.

    Change your current working directory.  You may specify '..' to go
    back one directory (this is a CD specific feature, and does not
    work with normal path specifications).

    In most cases, you won't have to use the CD command. Just type
    the desired directory at the prompt (very handy in conjunction with
    file name completion). Typing a ~ alone on a command line cd's
    to previous current directory.

    There are two situations left when you still need it:

    Entering 'cd *tem' will cd to the first name matched.

    The second form generates a list (an ASCII file) of all direc-
    tories on the given devices. It will be stored in the file given
    in $_qcd (default: 'csh:csh-qcd'). Note that this ASCII file will
    not be merged but overwritten. Once you have generated this file,
    you can cd to any directory on your harddisk(s) even if it's not
    in the current directory.
    If you have two directories of the same name and you use one of
    them more, move the more important one to the beginning of the
    qcd file. You might also sort the file.
    It is legal to type just an abbreviation of the directory name
    you want to cd to. No asterisk '*' necessary. If you end up in
    the wrong directory, cd to the same directory again (best done
    by Cursor-Up + RETURN). You will cycle through all directories
    that matched the given abbreviation. The other possibility is to
    specify the full name of the parent directory: cd devs/keym
    You may also add devices and assigns, so if 'PageStream:' is one
    line in the qcd-file, a cd to 'page' is successful.

    CD without any arguments displays the path of the directory you
    are currently in.

    CHGRP

    Usage    : chgrp group file1 ... filen
    Example    : chgrp 42 myfile

    Set group-id (0-65535) or group-name of specified files.
    (currently, name-to-id mapping is not implemented)

    CHMOD

    Usage    : chmod [u|g|o|a][+|-|=][flags] file1 ... filen
    Example    : chmod u+rwe myfile

    Set AmigaDOS file protection flags for the file specified.
    Valid flags are h, s, p, a, r, w, e, d.  (x is the same as e)

    Ownership:
      u  Set specified bits for User (aka Owner)
      g  Set specified bits for Group
      o  Set specified bits for Other (not User, not Group)
      a  all, alias for "ugo" (User/Group/Other)
    Specifying no ownership is equal to 'u'.

    Modes:
      +  Set specified bits, leave all others
      -  Clear specified bits, leave all others
      =  Set specified bits, clear all others
    Specifying no mode is equal to '='.

    Archive bit cleared by default!

    Note: This command is equivalent to "protect" except that the
          arguments for filename(s) and flag(s) are reversed.

    CHOWN

    Usage    : chown owner file1 ... filen
    Example    : chown 42 myfile

    Set owner-id (0-65535) or owner-name of specified files.
    (currently, name-to-id mapping is not implemented)

    CLASS

    Usage    : [-n] name {type=param} [ "actions" {action=command} ]
    Example : class zoo offs=20,dca7c4fd ext=.zoo actions view="zoo l"

    Defines a new class of files and the actions to be taken on them
    in various cases, or shows old definitions if given no arguments.
    See section XIV: OBJECTS

    Options:
      -n (new)  forgets old definitions


    CLOSE

    Usage    : close [filenumber]

    Close the specified file opened by open. Without filenumber, closes
    all open files. See open and flist for more info.

    CLS

    Usage    : cls

    This is an alias. It only clears the screen, but also works on a
    terminal (echo ^L doesn't).

    COPY (or CP)

    Usage    : copy [-udfpmo]  file file
    or    : copy [-udfpmo]  file1 file2...fileN dir
    or    : copy [-rudfpo] dir1...dirN file1...fileN dir

    Options    :
     -r recursive, copy all subdirectories as well.
     -u update, if newer version exists on dest, don't copy
     -f freshen, if file doesn't exist on dest or newer, don't copy
     -q suppresses 'not newer' and 'not there' messages in -u and -f
     -d don't set destination file date to that of source.
     -p don't set destination protection bits to those of source.
     -m erases the original. does not work with -r
     -o overwrites write/delete-protected, reads read-protected
     -a don't clear archive bit

    Example    : copy -r df0: df1:

    Copy files or directories. When copying directories, the -r option
    must be specified to copy subdirectories as well.  Otherwise, only
    top level files in the source directory are copied.

    All files will be displayed as they are copied and directory's
    displayed as they are created. This output can be suppressed by
    redirecting to nil: eg. copy -r >nil: df0: df1:

    Copy will abort after current file on Control-C.

    Copy by default sets the date of the destination file to that of
    the source file. To overide this feature use the -d switch.

    Similarly, it sets protection bits (flags) to those of source and
    any file comment will be copied. To avoid this use -p. The archive
    bit is always cleared by default (use option -a to leave it
    untouched).

    Another useful option is the -u (update) mode where copy will not
    copy any files which exists already in the destination directory
    if the destination file is newer or equal to the source file.
    This is useful when developing code say in ram: eg. 'copy *.c ram:'
    when done you can copy -u ram: df1: and only those modules you have
    modified will be copied back.

    Copy command will now create the destination directory if it does
    not exist when specified as 'copy [-r] dir dir'. If you specify
    copy file file file dir, then 'dir' must already exist.

    CP (or COPY)

    Equivalent to COPY.

    DATE

    Usage    : date [-bsr] [new date and/or time]
    Example    : date Wednesday  # this refers to NEXT wed, of course

    Options:
      -b print date/time from the battery clock, if existent
      -s stores the current time internally
      -r shows time relative to last stored in secs and hundredths

    Used to read or set system date and/or time. All standard options
    may be used (yesterday, tomorrow, monday, etc.).
    Leading zero's are not necessary.
    Without parameters shows Dddddd DD-MMM-YY HH:MM:SS.

    DEC

    Usage    : dec varname [value]
    Example    : dec abc

    Decrement the numerical equivalent of the variable with specified
    value (default: 1) and place the ASCII-string result back into
    that variable.

    DELETE (or RM)

    Usage    : delete [-fpqrv] file file file...
    Example    : delete foo.txt test.c

    Remove (delete) the specified files.  Remove always returns
    errorcode 0.  You can remove empty directories.

    Options:
     -r recursively remove non-empty directories.
     -p (or f); remove delete-protected files.
     -v toggle verbose output.  Useful if 'delete' is aliased.
     -q (quit), delete aborts if the file to be removed didn't exist
         or couldn't be deleted. This does _not_ affect non-matching
         wildcards.

    If you specify any wildcard deletes the files will be listed as
    they are deleted. This can be suppressed by redirecting to nil:

    DIR (or LS)

    Usage    : dir [-abcdfhiklnoqstuv] [-z [lformat]] [path path ... ]
    Example    : dir -ts downloads:
          dir -lz "%7s %-.16n %m" *.c
    Options:
     -d list directories only
     -f list files only
     -h list only files which not start with a dot, end with '.info' or
        have the h-flag set. Adds an 'i' bit to the flags which tells
        if an according .info file exists.
     -s short multi(4) column display.
     -c don't change colors for directories
     -q quiet display. does not show length in blocks
     -o display file nOtes
     -n display names only
     -p display full path names and suppress directory titles
     -a shows the age of all files in the format  days hours:minutes
     -i identifies every file, shows the type instead of the date.
        See chapter XIV CLASSES
     -v (viewdir) recursively sums up lengths of the files in a dir
     -l sorts the files by their length, longest first.
     -t sorts the files by their time, most recent first.
     -k sorts the files by their class (klass)
     -b sorts the files backwards.
     -g prints directories at the beGinning
     -e prints directories at the End
     -u must be given exactly two directories. Shows files only in
        the first directory, files in both and files in the second.
     -z custom format
        (must be followed by an argument which holds the format string)

    Displays a directory of specified files. Default output shows
    date, protection, block size, byte size and total space used.
    Protections flags include new 1.2/1.3 flags (see under protect),
    plus a 'c' flag which indicates that this file has a comment.
    Files are alphabetically sorted, without case sensitivity, and
    directories are in red pen (unless you use -c). Dir takes in
    account the width of your window.

    To recursively show the contents of a directory and all its
    sub-directories use the special wildcard pattern ".../*", see
    section "WILDCARDS" (man wildcards).

    The lformat string (option -z) is used to create your own directory
    format. Instead of the "-z lformat" command line argument you can
    set the variable "_dirformat" (which holds "lformat", but you must
    set option -z anyhow).
    Your custom format may contain the following codes:
     %a age               %l LF if comment      %t time
     %b size in blocks    %m multi column       %u size in K
     %c flag c (comment)  %n name               %v dir size in eng.
     %d date              %o filenote (comment) %w dir size in K
     %e flag i (.info)    %p name w/ path       %x translated date
     %f flags "hsparwed"  %q name w/ slash      %+ flag i as '+' or ' '
     %i flag d (dIr)      %r size in eng.
     %k class             %s size

     %I link information (S: softlink, H: hardlink, P: pipe, -: else)
     %L name of original file if link (empty otherwise)
     %N name + original name (of link)
     %F protection bits (flags "rwed") for group/other
     %U user-id
     %G group-id

    Between the '%' and the identifying letter, there may be an optional
    field width. If the number is preceded by a '-', the field contents
    will be left adjusted. If by a dot, the contents will be cut down
    to match the field width if they are longer.
    If the format string contains a %m, cshell will try to print more
    than one entry on one line. The column width is the field width of
    the %m entry. If omitted, it's assumed to be the one of the first
    file. If a file is longer, it will use two columns.

    If you prefer the old output-style of this command (5.19 and before)
    add the following line to your .cshrc file:
     set _dirformat "   %-24n %c%f %7s %4b %d %t"

    DISKCHANGE

    Usage    : diskchange drive...drive

    Like AmigaDOS diskchange.  Multiple drive names are allowed.

    ECHO

    Usage    : echo [-en] string
    Example    : echo hi there
    Results    : hi there

    Options:
     -n don't append newline.
     -e echo to stderr.

    Echo the given string.

    ELSE

    Usage    : else ; command
    Usage    : if -f foo.c ; else ; echo "Not there" ; endif

    Else clause, must follow an IF statement.

    ENDIF

    Usage    : endif

    The end of an if statement.

    Note: if you return from a script file with unterminated IF's
    and the last IF was false, prompt will be changed to an
    underscore ('_') and no commands will be executed until
    'endif' is typed.

    ERROR

    Usage    : error n

    Generates return code n.

    EXEC

    Usage    : exec [-i] command [args]
    Example    : set cmdline "dir ram:"
          exec $cmdline        # would not work without exec

    Options:
     -i  return code 0.

    Execute the command specified; exec command is equivalent to
    command, only you can use variables to specify command name.
    Note that the command line is parsed TWICE! Examples:
     set a dir ram:; exec $a              # right
     set a mkdir; exec $a "My directory"  # wrong! creates 2 directories

    Exec returns the return code of the command executed unless
    option -i (ignore) is set, in which case always 0 is returned.

    FAULT

    Usage    : fault error1 .. errorN
    Example    : fault 205 212

    Like AmigaDOS fault, prints specified error messages.

    FILENOTE

    Usage    : filenote file1 .. fileN  note
          filenote -s file1...fileN

    Options:
     -s (second form) ; displays the file notes of the given files.

    The first form sets AmigaDOS comment of the specified file.

    FLIST

    Usage    : flist

    Lists the filenumbers of files opened by open.
    See open and close for more info.

    FLTLOWER

    Usage    : fltlower
    Example    : dir | fltlower
    Or    : fltlower <readme

    This is a filter command, i.e. it reads from stdin and writes to
    stdout. The more natural way to use it is a pipe, or it can be
    redirected.
    Its purpose is to convert all alphabetic to lower case.

    FLTUPPER

    The same of fltlower, only this converts to upper case.

    FOREACH

    Usage    : foreach [-v] varname ( strings ) command
    Example    : foreach i ( a b c d ) "echo -n $i;echo \" ha\""
    Result    : a ha
          b ha
          c ha
          d ha

    Options:
     -v display arguments every time command is executed.

    'strings' is broken up into arguments.  Each argument is placed in
    the local variable 'varname' in turn and 'command' executed. Put
    the command(s) in quotes.

    Foreach is especially useful when interpreting passed arguments in
    an alias.

    eg.
        foreach i ( *.pic ) viewilbm $i
    assuming a.pic and b.pic in current directory the following commands
    will occur:
        viewilbm a.pic
        viewilbm b.pic

    All 'for...' commands can be interrupted using CTRL-D or CTRL-E.

    FOREVER

    Usage    : forever command
    or    : forever "command;command;command..."

    The specified commands are executed over and over again forever.

    Execution stops if you hit ^C or ^D, or if the commands return with
    an error code.

    FORLINE

    Usage    : forline var filename command
    or    : forline var filename "command;command..."
    Example    : forline i RAM:temp "echo line $_linenum=$i"

    For each ASCII line of file specified commands are executed and
    var points to line content. You can check system variable _linenum
    to find the number of the line currently read.
    If STDIN (case sensitive) is specified as input file, the lines are
    read from standard input.

    FORNUM

    Usage    : fornum [-v] var n1 n2 command
    or    : fornum [-v] -s var n1 n2 step command

    Example    : fornum -v x 1 10 echo $x
    or    : fornum -s x 10 1 -1 echo $x # counts backwards

    Executes  command(s)  for  all numerical values of x between n1 and
    n2.   If  more  than  one  command  is  specified,  or  command  is
    redirected, include command(s) in quotes.


    Options:
     -v (verbose) causes printing of progressive numbers.
     -s specify a step; if negative, the count will be backwards.

    GETENV

    Usage    : getenv [shellvar] envvar

    Gets the value of an ENV: variable and stores it in the shell
    variable 'shellvar'. If shellvar is omitted, the value of the
    ENV: variable is printed to stdout.
    This command is obsolete since ENV: variables can be retrieved
    by writing $envvar anywhere on the command line.

    GOTO

    Usage    : goto label
    Example    :
          label start
            echo "At start"
            dir ram:
            goto start

    Goto  the specified label name.  You can only use this command from
    a  source  file.   Labels  may  be  forward or reverse from current
    position. It is legal to jump out of if's.

    HEAD

    Usage    : head [filename] [num]
    Example    : head readme 20

    Display first "num" lines of "filename".   If num is not specified,
    10 is assumed. If filename is not specified, standard input (stdin)
    is taken instead.

    HELP

    Usage    : help [-f]
    Example    : help
    Options    :
     -f list functions also

    Simply  displays  all  the  available  commands.   The commands are
    displayed in search-order.  That is, if you give a partial name the
    first  command  that  matches  that  name  in  this list is the one
    executed.   Generally,  you  should  specify enough of a command so
    that it is completely unique.

    HISTORY

    Usage    : history [-nr] [partial_string]
    Example    : history

    Options    :
     -n omits line numbering
     -r reads history from stdin

    Displays  the  enumerated  history  list.   The size of the list is
    controlled  by  the  _history  variable.   If you specify a partial
    string, only those entries matching that string are displayed.

    HOWMANY

    Usage    : howmany

    This  command  tells you how many instances of Shell are running in
    your system.

    HTYPE

    Usage    : htype [-r] [file1..fileN]

    Options:
     -r display all files in a directory.

    Displays the specified files in hex and ASCII, just like the system
    command 'Type file opt h'.  Especially suitable for binary files.

    If there are no filenames specified, standard input is used,
    so you can use htype as the destination for a pipe.

    IF

    Usage    : if [-n] argument conditional argument [then]
    or    : if [-n] argument
    or    : if [-n] -f file    or   -e file
    or    : if [-n] -d file/dir
    or    : if [-n] -m
    or    : if [-n] -t file file1 .. fileN
    or    : if [-n] -r rpnexpression
    or    : if [-n] -v varname
    or    : if [-n] -o char arg ... arg

    Options:
     -n (NOT) reverses the result.
     -d tests the type of the object specified: if it is a
        directory, then TRUE; if it is a file (or it doesn't exist)
        then FALSE.
     -f (or -e) checks for existance of the specified file.
     -m test if FAST memory is present.
     -o tests for option 'char' in the rest of the arguments.
     -r evaluates a given RPN expression (see under RPN for more info).
        If value on top of stack is 0, then FALSE, else TRUE.
     -t compare the date and time of the first file with all the others;
        if the first is younger than ALL the others, then FALSE,
        else TRUE. If a file doesn't exists, it is considered as
        being older.
     -v test if a given variable is defined.


    Makes the following instructions up to the next endif conditinal.
    The 'then' is optional. The if clause must be followed by a semi-
    colon if instructions follow on the same line.

    If a single argument is something to another argument.  Conditional
    clauses allowed:

    <, >, =, ! and combinations.  Thus != is not-equal, >= larger or
    equal, etc...

    If arguments are not numeric, they are compared as strings.

    Usually the argument is either a constant or a variable ($varname).

    The second form of IF is conditional on the existence of the
    argument.  If the argument is a "" string, then FALSE, else TRUE.

    The third form of IF used by -f switch checks for existance of
    the specified file. -e is the same as -f

    Option -m is used to test if FAST memory is present.
    Example (to be included in a login.sh file):
    if -m; resident -d lc1 lc2 blink; endif

    Using -t form compares the date and time of the first file with
    all the others; if the first is younger than ALL the others, then
    FALSE, else TRUE. If a file doesn't exists, it is considered as
    being older.
    This feature is especially useful for building makefiles without
    using any MAKE utility.

    Example:
    if -t test.o test.asm test.i ; asm -o test.o test.asm ; endif


    Option -o tests for option 'char' in the rest of the arguments.

    Example: if -o r -rp ram:comm1.c     will yield TRUE.

    When using 'IF' command interactively if you are entering commands
    following an 'IF' that was false, the prompt will be set to a
    underscore '_ ' to indicate all commands will be ignored until
    an 'ELSE' or 'ENDIF' command is seen.

    INC

    Usage    : inc varname [value]
    Example    : inc abc 5

    Increment the numerical equivalent of the variable with specified
    value (default: 1) and place the ASCII-string result back into
    that variable.

    INFO

    Usage    : info [-pt] [path1 path2 ... pathN]

    Options    :
     -p  only display drives with readable (present) disks
     -t  print disk/fs type and bytes used instead of block sizes

    If called without arguments, info gives you the drive information
    on all devices. If one or more paths are specified, only infor-
    mation on those drives will be displayed.

    Note: Cshell does (correct) rounding for all displayed values,
          Commodore's Info command does not. So values may slightly
          change.

    INPUT

    Usage    : input [-sr] var var ... var
    Example    : input abc

    Options    :
     -s the whole line is read in as one word, including spaces.
     -r puts the console to single character mode before reading,
        ie. does not wait for RETURN to be pressed). Use with care.

    Input from STDIN (or a redirection, or a pipe) to a variable.  The
    next input line is broken up in words (unless quoted) and placed in
    the variable.

    JOIN

    Usage    : join [-r] file1..fileN destfile
    Example    : join part1 part2 part3 total


    Options    :
     -r overwrite any existent destfile.

    Joins (concatenates) the specified files to get destfile. Join
    will refuse to overwrite an existing destfile, unless the
    'r' option is used.

    KEYMAP

    Usage    : keymap [number {key=function}]
    Example    : keymap 0 1030=4 1032=12

    Defines one keymap for the csh command line editing. See chapter XV.

    LABEL

    Usage    : label name

    Create a program label right here. Used in source files, you can
    then GOTO a label.

    LINECNT

    Another filter. Counts the number of lines of its stdin and writes
    it to stdout.

    LN (or MAKELINK)

    Usage    : ln [-s] filename [linkname]
    Example    : ln stuff/data newname

    Options    :
     -s make soft link (default is hard link)

    ln creates an additional directory entry, called a link,  to
    a file or directory.  Any number of links can be assigned to
    a file.

    filename is the name of  the  original  file  or  directory.
    linkname  is  the  new  name  to  associate with the file or
    filename.  If linkname is omitted,  the  last  component  of
    filename is used as the name of the link.

    A hard link (the default) is a standard directory entry just
    like the one made when the file was created.  Hard links can
    only be made to existing files.  Hard links cannot  be  made
    across file systems (disk partitions, mounted file systems).
    To remove a file, all hard links  to  it  must  be  removed,
    including  the  name by which it was first created; removing
    the last hard link releases the inode  associated  with  the
    file.

    A symbolic link, made with  the  -s  option,  is  a  special
    directory entry that points to another named file.  Symbolic
    links can span file systems and point  to  directories.   In
    fact,  you  can create a symbolic link that points to a file
    that is currently absent from the file system; removing  the
    file that it points to does not affect or alter the symbolic
    link itself.

    NOTE: Symbolic links (also known as "soft links") are
          currently NOT SUPPORTED by AmigaOS.  DO NOT USE!

    LOCAL

    Usage: local [var...var]

    Creates one or more local variables. Those variables disappear
    at the end of their alias or source file, and cannot be accessed
    from inside other aliases or source files.
    With no arguments, shows all top level variables and their values.

    LS (or DIR)

    Equivalent to DIR.

    MAKELINK (or LN)

    Equivalent to LN.

    MAN

    Usage    : man command(s)
    Example    : man mkdir

    Get  info about a Shell command, or others keywords.  These include
    all  special  _variables, plus various keywords:  WILDCARDS, PIPES,
    EDITING, STARTUP and more.
    See special alias manlist to get a list of ALL keywords supported
    by man.
    You  must set _man to the paths of your .doc files:
       set _man dh1:docs/aliases.doc dh1:docs/csh.doc

    To create your own .doc files, precede all your keywords by four
    blanks. 'man' will then display lines until the first character
    of a line is alphanumeric or has four leading blanks.

    MD (or MKDIR)

    Equivalent to MKDIR.

    MEM

    Usage    : mem [-cfqsl]

    Options:
      -c shows the free chip mem only
      -f shows the free fast mem only
      -q outputs just a number without titles
      -s stores current free memory
      -r shows memory used relative to last stored
      -l flushes all unneeded memory

    MENU

    Usage    : menu [-mn] [ title item...item ]
    Example    : menu Shell   JrComm,,j   Rename,"rename ",r  quit

    Options:
     -n clear all existing menus.
     -m use monospaced font.

    Appends one pull down in the current console window. Up to 31
    menus with 63 items each (including title) can be installed.

    If the item is just a string, that string will be in the menu item.
    When you select it, it will be put into the prompt and executed.

    If there is a comma and after that comma a second string, this
    will be the command will be inserted at the prompt. This time you
    have to add the ^M yourself if you want the command to be executed.

    If there is a second comma, the letter after that comma will be
    the keyboard shortcut for that menu item. (This will be case
    sensitive some day, use lowercase).

    If for any reason your current menu is corrupt, just enter an
    empty 'menu' command.

    When the first menu is installed you can use option -m to choose
    a monospaced font (System Default Font) instead of the default
    Intuition Font (which may be a proportional font). This is useful
    for user-formatted menus (like in the example script "menu.sh").

    MKDIR (or MD)

    Usage    : mkdir [-p] name name name...
    Example    : mkdir df0:stuff

    Options:
     -p create all dirs in path if necessary.

    Create the specified directories.
    If "name" ends with trailing slash it will be stripped off.

    mkdir now supports the -p option.  mkdir -p followed by a full path
    name will create all directories necessary to make the path.  For
    example, suppose that the directory ram:foo exists and is empty.
    "mkdir -p ram:foo/bar/tst/a" would create ram:foo/bar,
    ram:foo/bar/tst, and ram:foo/bar/tst/a all in one step.
    In addition, it will issue no error codes for directories it cannot
    make.

    MV (or RENAME)

    Equivalent to RENAME.

    OPEN

    Usage    : open filename filemode filenumber
    Example    : open RAM:data w 1

    This  allows you to open a file, redirect to it as many commands as
    you like, then close it.
    Filename is any valid AmigaDOS filename, filemode is either "r" for
    read or "w" for write, filenumber is a number between 1 and 10.
    To  redirect  a  program to or from an open file, use as your redir
    filename a dot followed by the filenumber.
    Here is a complete example:

        open RAM:data w 1
        echo -n 2+2= >.1
        rpn 2 2 + . CR >.1
        close 1
        type RAM:data    # will display 2+2=4

    See also close, flist.

    PATH

    Usage    : path [-gr] [dir...dir]

    Without arguments, lists AmigaDOS path. Otherwise adds given
    directories to the path, preventing duplicate entries.

    Options:
     -r Resets the path
     -g Global path modifications; operations (add, reset) apply to all
         CLI processes instead of only the current one

    Note:
    It's not perfectly "legal" to modify the path-list of other
    processes. Adding entries (option -g) works fine in most cases.
    But the removal of entries (options -gr together) may crash the
    system, because CSH doesn't know about the memory handling of
    other processes (it doesn't know how they allocated the memory
    for the path-list entries).

    So use option -g always with care (at least together with -r).
    If it works, it's okay. If not, you lose ;-)  There's no 100%
    reliable way for global path modifications.

    PRI

    Usage    : pri clinumber pri
    Example    : pri 3 5    # set priority of cli #3 to 5

    Change the priority of the specified task (use PS command to
    determine clinumber). If you specify 0 as clinumber you can
    change priority of "this" task (the one executing shell).

    PROTECT

    Usage    : protect file1 ... filen [u|g|o|a][+|-|=][flags]
    Example    : protect myfile u+rwe

    Set AmigaDOS file protection flags for the file specified.
    Valid flags are h, s, p, a, r, w, e, d.  (x is the same as e)

    Ownership:
      u  Set specified bits for User
      g  Set specified bits for Group
      o  Set specified bits for Other (not User, not Group)
      a  all, alias for "ugo" (User/Group/Other)
    Specifying no ownership is equal to 'u'.

    Modes:
      +  Set specified bits, leave all others
      -  Clear specified bits, leave all others
      =  Set specified bits, clear all others
    Specifying no mode is equal to '='.

    Archive bit cleared by default!

    Note: This command is equivalent to "chmod" except that the
          arguments for filename(s) and flag(s) are reversed.

    PS

    Usage    : ps [-les] [commandname...commandname]

    Options:
     -l shows full pathnames of commands
     -e excludes the given command names from the list
     -s don't show stacksize and type, use old output-format instead

    Gives status of CLI processes.  eg:

    Proc Command Name         Typ  Stack  Pri.  Address  Directory
    * 1  csh                  fr   10000    0      97b0  Stuff:shell
      2  clock                bw    4096  -10    2101a8  Workdisk:
      3  emacs                bw   30000    0    212f58  Stuff:shell
      4  VT100                bw    4000    0    227328  Workdisk:

    Address is the address of the task, directory is the process
    currently CD'd directory. My default, only the BaseNames of
    the commands are shown. Your own CLI will be marked by an
    asterisk in the first column.

    Stack size is the _real_ size of a command's stack. It's _not_
    the size a program gets if it's launched by this command.  Use
    "Status" instead if you need the size of the Default Stack.
    (be aware: "Status" does _not_ show the stack size used by a prog!)

    Typ are two letters.  The first is either "f" (foreground) or
    "b" (background).  The second is one of:
        i: invalid
        a: added
        r: running / ready to run
        w: waiting
        e: except
        d: removed

    PWD

    Usage    : pwd

    Rebuild _cwd by backtracing from your current directory.

    QSORT

    Usage    : qsort [-cr] <in >out

    Options :
     -c case-sensitive
     -r reverse sort

    Quick sorts from stdin to stdout (case-insensitive).

    QUIT

    Usage    : quit

    Quit out of Shell back to CLI.

    RBACK

    Usage    : rback command

    Start a new process executing the specified command, but can't do
    input/output. Equivalent to 'run command >NIL: <NIL:'. Instead of
    using rback, you can add a '&' at the end of the command line.

    Note: rback cannot start builtin commands. You have to start a
          subshell: rback csh -c "copy ram:temp prt:;rm ram:temp

    READFILE

    Usage    : readfile varname [filename]

    Completely reads an ASCII file and assigns it to a variable. Each
    line becomes one word in the resulting string. Embedded blanks
    are no problem. If file name is omitted, stdin is used. See also
    'writefile', @subfile and @flines

    REHASH

    Usage    : rehash [-cglos]

    Options :
     -c clear local program hash list
     -g clear global program hash list
     -l load global program hash list into local buffer
     -o output local program hash list
     -s save local program hash list to disk

    Scans the complete DOS search path (see also 'path') and builds a
    program hash list. This can be used for program name completion from
    command line (default: ESC-p, ESC-P). And when running commands
    CShell does not scan DOS search path any more for every command but
    instead scans the program hash list in memory (minimizes disk access
    and speeds up running commands significantly).

    Of course, when you add a directory to your path, when you add
    programs to the existing path or when you remove directories/programs
    then you have to rebuild the program hash list.

    Each invocation of CShell has its own local buffer to hold that
    program hash list.  Use option -s to save the local list to disk
    (csh:csh-prgs).  With option -l the list is loaded into memory.
    The first CShell loading the list puts a copy of it into a global
    buffer so that next time a CShell wants to load it the global buffer
    is used and not the disk file.

    The global list stays in memory -- even if you quit all CShells.
    Use option -g to free that global list (if you are low on memory),
    but this does not affect local lists of any currently running CShell.
    Option -c clears the local list.

    If you run this command without options the scanned list is not only
    put into local buffer but also in global buffer.

    There's no need to clear the local/global list before
    loading/building a new one. This is done automatically.

    The variable $_prghash (default: 'csh:csh-prgs') holds the filename
    where the program hash list is loaded from and saved to.

    Programs from the hash list are case in-sensitive and may be
    abbreviated. This can be toggled with the variable "_abbrev".

    Recommended usage:
    First run "rehash" from your shell to build the program hash list.
    Save this list to disk with "rehash -s".  Now include "rehash -l"
    in "s:.cshrc" to load this list on every invocation of CShell.

    RELABEL

    Usage    : relabel drive name
    Example    : relabel DH0: Picard

    Change the volume name of the disk in the given drive to the name
    specified. Volume names are set initially when you format a disk.

    If you have a floppy disk system with only one disk drive, be sure
    to specify the disks by volume name, instead of drive name.

    RENAME (or MV)

    Usage    : rename [-fv] from to
    or    : rename [-fv] from from from ... from todir

    Options :
     -f don't abort on errors
     -v verbose mode (print renamed filenames)

    Allows you to rename a file or move it around within a disk.
    Allows you to move 1 or more files into a single directory.
    The archive bit of the file(s) will be cleared.


    RESIDENT

    Usage    : resident [-dr] [files]
    Example    : resident lc1 lc2 blink    # load these as resident
          resident -d lc1 lc2 blink    # defer load when needed
          resident -r lc1 lc2 blink    # remove these
          resident            # list resident programs


    Options :
     -d deferred load;
     -r remove files from resident list

    This is DOS resident. Commands are searched by Shell in resident
    list BEFORE of searching on any external device.
    Only PURE programs can run as resident, see DOS docs for more info.
    Option -d is very useful: you can say, in your startup file,
    resident -d file...file; programs will not be loaded immediately,
    but only when you will try to load them. This way, you will not
    waste memory and startup time if you don't use the programs.
    Old option -a has no more effect.

    RETURN

    Usage    : return [n]
    Example    : return 10

    Exit from a script file, or quit from shell with optional
    exit code.

    RM (or DELETE)

    Equivalent to DELETE.

    RPN

    Usage    : rpn expression
    Example    : rpn 3 7 *    # Prints the value 21

    Evaluate an RPN expression, using 32-bit values. In older versions
    of Shell RPN contained string functions too, but now that strings
    are handled by specifical commands, these are no more needed.
    At end of evaluation, RPN prints values on stack, so you can
    say for instance "rpn $x 2 * | input x" to double the value of
    variable x.
    Functions implemented are:

        + - * /    Obvious meaning; / means integer division, of course
        %        Module operator e.g. "rpn 7 3 %" answers 1
        & | ~    Bitwise and, or, not operators
        > < ==    Tests for greater-than, lower-than, equal. To get
            a test for >= (or <=), you can use < ! (or > !)
        !        Logical not operator
        DUP        Duplicate value on top of stack
        DROP    Drop value on top of stack
        SWAP    Swap two values on top of stack

    To avoid confusion with redirections, > and < operators must be
    enclosed in quotes e.g.

        3 2 ">"        # Prints 1

    RUN

    Usage    : run prgm args
    Example    : run emacs test.c

    Start a new process executing the specified command. This command is
    not fully reliable: use at your own risk.  See also rback.

    RXREC

    Usage    : rxrec [portname]

    Create an AREXX-compatible port of the specified name (defaults to
    "rexx_csh"), then puts Shell to sleep waiting for messages on it.

    CAUTION: the only way to exit from this status is to send to the
    port the message "bye".

    Example:
    Open two Shell's in two separate CLI's. From the first, type:

        rxrec

    Now first Shell doesn't respond to keyboard input; instead, it waits
    for messages on a port called "rexx_csh". Now, from the other, type:

        rxsend rexx_csh "dir df0:"

    You will see the listing of df0: in the first Shell.  Experiment as
    you like, then:

        rxsend rexx_csh bye

    And all will return to normal.

    RXSEND

    Usage    : rxsend [-lr] portname command...command

    Options :
     -r set the variable _result to the result string of the
        AREXX command.
     -l send the whole line as *one* command.

    Send commands to any program with an AREXX-compatible port. Be aware
    that every word is sent as a single command!

    You don't have to load anything to use these command (or rxrec):
    all you need is a program with the right port.

    An example is CygnusEdProfessional: here is, for instance, a command
    to wake it up, load the file test.c and jump to line 20:

        rxsend rexx_ced cedtofront "open test.c" "jmp to line 20"
        # rexx_ced is the name of AREXX port for CygnusEd


    Refer to your application manual for details and for the names
    of the commands and the port.

    SEARCH

    Usage    : search [-abceflnoqrvw] file...file string

    Search specified files for a string. Only lines containing the
    specified strings are displayed.

    If the filename is STDIN (in uppercase), the standard input is
    used, so you can use search as the destination for a pipe.
    Example:
        strings myprog * | search STDIN .library
    Lists all libraries used in "myprog".

    Search is very fast if none of the options -w, -e and STDIN was
    specified and the file fits into memory.

    Options:
      -a (abort)   stops search as soon as the pattern was found once
      -b (binary)  shows only byte offsets instead of lines. If combined
                   with -n, shows naked numbers.
      -c (case)    turns ON case sensitivity
      -e (exclude) lists lines NOT containing the pattern
      -f (files)   causes only the names of the files in which the pat-
                   tern was found to be displayed.
      -l (left)    pattern must be at beginning of line (this is faster
                   than using a wild card)
      -n (number)  turns off line numbering
      -o (only)    finds only whole words
      -q (quiet)   suppresses printing of file names.
      -r (recurse) if you specify any directory, all files in that di-
                   rectory are recursively searched.
      -v (verbose) shows each file name on a single line. this is auto-
                   matically turned on if search is redirected
      -w (wild)    wild card matching. see notes below

    Notes to wild card matching;
    - Uses Shell standard matching.
    - All standard DOS wildcards are allowed * ? [] () | ~ ' #
    - The WHOLE line must match the string, not only a substring.
    - String MUST be enclosed in quotes to avoid wildcard expansion

    Examples:
        search -cr df0:include ACCESS
    Find all occurrences of ACCESS (in uppercase) in all files
    contained in include directory.
        search -w shell.h "'#define*"
    Lists only lines of file beginning with (not simply containing)
    #define. Note the use of ' to escape the special symbol #.

    SET

    Usage    : set [name] [=] [string]
    Example    : set abc hello

    Set with no args lists all current variable settings.
    Set with one arg lists the setting for that particular variable.
    Specifying name and string, stores the string into variable name.

    Also see the section on special _variables.

    SETENV

    Usage    : setenv envvar value

    Sets an ENV: variable to the given value. The value must be
    enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces. To retrieve an ENV:
    variable, just use $envvar anywhere on a command line.

    SLEEP

    Usage    : sleep timeout
    Example    : sleep 10

    Sleep for 'timeout' seconds, or until ^C typed.

    SOURCE

    Usage    : source file [arguments]
    Example    : source mymake.sh all
    Result    : batch file 'mymake.sh' called with var _passed = 'all'

    Execute commands from a file.  You can create SHELL programs in
    a file and then execute them with this command.  Source'd files
    have the added advantage that you can have loops in your command
    files (see GOTO and LABEL).  You can pass SOURCE files arguments
    by specifying arguments after the file name.  Arguments are passed
    via the _passed variable (as a single string, a set of words).
    See _failat variable for script aborting.

    Long lines may be split by appending a backslash (\) at end of
    first part. One single line must be shorter than 512 bytes, but
    the concatenated line can be as long as you want. There is no
    limit on the length of the concatenated line.

    Automatic 'sourcing' is accomplished by appending a .sh suffix to
    the file (no need to set the s-bit) and executing it as you would
    a C program:

    --------- file hello.sh ---------
    foreach i ( $_passed ) "echo yo $i"
    ---------------------------------

    $ hello a b c
    yo a
    yo b
    yo c

    If the last character of a line in a source file is '{', all
    following lines will appended to the current one and separated
    by semicolons until the last character of a line is '}'. Those
    blocks may be nested. You may use comments and unterminated
    strings within.

    --------- file login.sh ---------
    alias complex {
      echo -n "this alias
      echo " works!"
    }
    ---------------------------------

    $ login
    $ complex
    this   alias   works!

    SPLIT

    Usage    : split srcvar dstvar...dstvar

    Assigns one word of srcvar to every dstvar, the rest of srcvar to
    the last dstvar.
    Note: You enter variable NAMES, not variables.

    STACK

    Usage    : stack [number]
    Example    : stack [-s] 8000

    Options :
     -s prints size only (pure number, no text).

    Changes the default stack for this CLI.
    Without arguments, just prints it.

    STRHEAD

    Usage    : strhead varname breakchar string
    Example    : strhead x "." foobar.bas    # Will set x to "foobar",
                                          # . must be quoted!

    Remove everything after and including the breakchar in 'string' and
    place in variable 'varname'. See also command "STRTAIL".

    STRINGS

    Usage    : strings [-bnrv] [file1..fileN] [minlength]
    Example    : strings [-bnrv] c:dir c:list shell 7

    Options :
     -r  if you specify any directory, all files in that directory
         are recursively searched for strings
     -n  print name of current file in front of each string
     -b  shows each string enclosed by  '|' characters, so as to expose
         leading and trailing spaces or tabs.
     -v  verbose output before each file (filename, minlength)

    Prints strings contained in specified files (usually binary)
    with length >= minlength.  Default is 4.

    You cannot use a filename that represents a number as last
    argument. If there are no filenames specified, standard input
    is used, so you can use strings as the destination for a pipe.

    STRLEFT

    Usage    : strleft varname string n
    Example    : strleft x LongString 5    # Will set x to "LongS"

    Place leftmost n chars of string in variable varname.

    STRLEN

    Usage    : strlen varname string
    Example    : strlen x Hello        # Will set x to "5"

    Puts len of string in variable varname.

    STRMID

    Usage    : strmid varname string n1 [n2]
    Example    : strmid x LongString 5 3    # Will set x to "Str"

    Places n2 chars from string, starting at n1, in variable varname.
    By omitting n2, you get all chars from n1 to end of string.

    STRRIGHT

    Usage    : strright varname string n
    Example    : strright x LongString 5    # Will set x to "tring"

    Place rightmost n chars of string in variable varname.

    STRTAIL

    Usage    : strtail varname breakchar string
    Example    : strtail x "." foobar.bas    # Will set x to "bas",
                                          # . must be quoted!

    Remove everything before and including the breakchar in 'string' and
    place in variable 'varname'. See also command "STRHEAD".

    TACKON (or ADDPART)

    Usage    : tackon var pathname filename
    Example    : tackon x df0:c Dir    # sets x to "df0:c/Dir"
    or    : tackon x df0: Preferences #sets x to "df0:Preferences"

    Correctly  adds  a  filename  to a pathname, and puts the result in
    variable specified.

    TAIL

    Usage    : tail [filename] [num]
    Example    : tail readme 20

    Display last "num" lines of "filename".    If num is not specified,
    10 is assumed. If filename is not specified, standard input (stdin)
    is taken instead.

    TEE

    Usage    : tee [file]
    Example    : cc test.c | tee >error.list

    Copies stdin to stdout and the given file.
    If file is omitted, stderr is used.

    TOUCH

    Usage    : touch file1 .. fileN

    Sets DateStamp of the specified files to the current date & resets
    archive bit.

    If a file doesn't exist, touch will create an empty one for you.

    TRUNCATE

    Usage    : truncate [n]
    Example : alias | qsort | truncate

    A filter that truncates the width of stdin to the specified number,
    trying to account for tab's and escape sequences. If the number is
    omitted, the current window width is used.

    TYPE (or CAT)

    Equivalent to CAT.

    UNALIAS

    Usage    : unalias name .. name
    Example    : unalias vt

    Delete aliases..

    UNIQ

    Usage    : uniq

    This is a  filter that removes consecutive, duplicated lines in a
    file.  It is most useful on a sorted file.

    UNSET

    Usage    : unset name .. name
    Example    : unset abc

    Unset one or more variables.  Deletes them entirely.

    USAGE

    Usage    : usage [command...command]

    If called without arguments, usage gives you a short information
    on the special characters used. Otherwise, usage shows you the
    usage of the given commands. Calling a command with a '?' as
    the only argument will show its usage, too.

    VERSION

    Usage    : version

    Show current version name, & authors.

    WAITFORPORT

    Usage    : waitforport portname [seconds]
    Example    : waitforport rexx_ced 5

    Waits for a port to come up. Default time is 10 seconds.

    WHEREIS

    Usage    : whereis [-r] filename [ device1...deviceN ]


    Options    :
     -r look on all drives.

    If just a file name is given, whereis searches all subdirectories of
    the current directory for that file. An asterisk '*' is appended to
    the file. Wild cards are allowed for the file (no asterisk will be
    appended then), but no path names. If additional arguments are
    given, whereis searches only these paths, not the current directory.

    WINDOW

    Usage    : window [-fblsaq] [dimensions]

    Options    :
        -f    (front) Window to front
        -b    (back)  Window to back
        -l    (large) Window to maximum size
        -s    (small) Window to minimum size
        -a    (activate)
        -q    (query) Lists screens and windows open
        -w    (width) Ignore window width for option "-q" (query)

    Various operations on CLI window. If dimensions are specified,
    they must be in the form x y width height, with values separated by
    spaces. Use dimension -1 for maximum value (eg, "window -1 -1 -1 -1"
    is equivalent to "window -l"), and -2 for keeping current value.

    The command "window -l" may be very useful on PAL machines to get
    a full PAL window from your login sequence, or if you use overscan
    WorkBench.

    Option -q gives, for each Screen and Window currently open,
    title, left edge, top edge, width, height, (depth).

    WRITEFILE

    Usage: writefile varname

    Writes a set of words to stdout, one word per line. Note that the
    name of the variable (var) must be supplied, not the value ($var).


IX. SPECIAL VARIABLES
---------------------

There are a number variables, the write variable, that have a side effect on
your system (e.g.  changing the title bar), and some others, the read
variables, that tell you something about your environment (e.g.  the current
shell version).  You can also overlay the write variables with a local
variable, so any change only takes place while the current context is
valid.

LIST OF VARIABLES:
------------------

    _abbrev
    Holds a number which lets you select the various modes of
    command-abbreviation:

      0   internal commands and commands buffered with "rehash"
          can no longer be abbreviated  (same as "unset _abbrev")
      1   internal commands can be abbreviated
      2   commands buffered with "rehash" can be abbreviated,
          the first (partially) matching command from the list is taken
      4   commands buffered with "rehash" can be abbreviated,
          if the command matches a buffered command completely,
          then this is taken, else the first partially matching
          command from the list is taken
      8   if command wasn't found in Cshell's internal program list
          (built with "rehash"), then search DOS path-list

    Numbers can be added to combine modes.

    The main difference between '2' and '4' is that '2' does not
    recognize a completely matching command if it has already
    found a partially matching command earlier in the list.  Eg,
    you type "ed" and you have (in this order) "EdPlayer" and
    "Ed" in your list, then "Ed" can never be called (except with
    absolute path). So '4' first seeks for a completely matching
    command -- and if it cannot find anything then (and only then)
    it searches for an abbreviated command.

    Thus it makes obviously no sense to use '2' and '4' together.

    By default, this variable is set to '5' (1+4).

    _bground
    True if the shell was started with a non-interactive input.

    _clinumber
    Contains the number (1-20) of current CLI.

    _clipri
    Task priority while editing command line.
    (also affects filename completion)

    _complete
    This variable holds a DOS pattern. What files should match on
    filename completion. Default is "*" (show all files). For example,
    if you don't want to see files ending with ".o" and ".bak", set it
    to "~(*.o|*.bak)".

    _cquote
    If set to some value, quotation marks are handled as
    Commodore-Shell does, so that they are parsable by ReadArgs()
    (function call in dos.library). Commodore-Shell treats quotes
    within a string "as as". Only leading quotation marks "quote"
    other special chars (like spaces). In contrast to UNIX shells
    where quotation marks always "quote" other chars - regardless
    of their position. UNIX behavior (_cquote unset) is default.

    _cwd
    Holds a string representing the current directory we are in from
    root.  The SHELL can get confused as to its current directory if
    some external program changes the directory.  Use PWD to rebuild
    the _cwd variable in these cases.

    _debug
    Debug mode... use it if you dare.  must be set to some value

    _dirformat
    Holds a format string for option -z of builtin command "dir".
    Used to keep aliases short and to bypass problems with dir's
    format option "-z" (eg, it's not possible to specify other options
    after -z without using @pickargs/@pickopts).

    The format string is limited to a maximum of 80 characters.

    _every
    Contains the name of a command that is to be executed every time
    just before the prompt is printed. Do not use this to echo the
    prompt.

    _except
    See EXCEPTION

    _failat
    If a command returns with an error code higher than this, the
    batch file aborts. The default is 20.

    _hilite
    Holds the font attributes used for highlighting. One letter for one
    attribute:
      b    for bold
      i    for italic
      u    for underlined
      r    for reverse
      c3   for foreground color 3
      c3,2 for foreground color 3 and background color 2
    Any combinations are allowed. _hilite defaults to "c7", in terminal
    mode to "r".

    _history
    This variable is set to a numerical value, and specifies how far
    back your history should extend. Set it to 0 to disable history,
    for example if you test your programs for memory leaks. Defaults
    to 50.

    _insert
    Sets the default for insert/overtype mode for command line editing.
    ESC-i toggles between, but after <RET> the default is set back as
    indicated by this variable. By default _insert is 1, unsetting
    _insert will make overtype the default.

    _ioerr
    Contains the secondary error code for the last command. Will be
    changed after every external command and after a failed internal
    command. See @ioerr( )

    _kick
    holds version number of Operating System (version.library),
    eg, 37, 38, 39, 40, ...

    _kick2x
    True if exec.library V37+ could be opened
    (which means that kickstart 2.0 is around)

    _kick3x
    True if exec.library V39+ could be opened
    (which means that kickstart 3.0 is around)

    _lasterr
    Return code of last command executed.  This includes internal
    commands as well as external comands, so to use this variables
    you must check it IMMEDIATELY after the command in question.

    _lcd
    Holds the name of the last directory. The builtin alias 'dswap'
    cd's to that directory. If called again, you're back where you
    were.

    _man
    The path and name of your .doc files. Defaults to 'csh:csh.doc'

    _mappath
    Cshell allows invocation of foreign shells if a script starts with
    "#!" or ";!" followed by a command to execute.  To use unmodified
    Unix scripts pathname-mapping is necessary to convert pathes like
    "/usr/..." to, eg, "usr:...".  Set _mappath to enable this name-
    mapping.  By default _mappath is unset ("/usr/" would be inter-
    preted as relative AmigaDOS path).

    _maxerr
    The worst (highest) return value to date.  To use this, you usually
    set it to '0', then do some set of commands, then check it.

    _minrows
    Gives the minimum number of rows a window must have to turn on quick
    scrolling. Defaults to 34.

    _nobreak
    If set to some value, disables CTRL-C.

    _nomatch
    If set to some value, don't check patterns if they match.
    (By default CSH aborts command execution if all patterns does not
     match. If at least one pattern matches CSH does not abort.)

    _noreq
    If set to some value, disables system requesters ("Please insert
    volume ...."). Turned on in vt200 mode.

    _passed
    This variable contains the passed arguments when you SOURCE a file
    or execute a .sh file.  For instance:

    test a b c d

    -------- file test.sh ----------
    echo $_passed
    foreach i ( $_passed ) "echo YO $i"
    --------------------------------

    _path
    Tells CShell where to look for executable files. The current direc-
    tory and the AmigaDOS path will be searched first. The trailing
    slash for directories is not necessary any more.  The entire path
    will be searched first for the <command>, then for <command>.sh
    (automatic shell script sourcing). Example:
        set _path ram:c,ram:,sys:system,dh1:tools,df0:c
    (This path has the advantage that these directories need not even
     exist, that you can access devices (AmigaDOS path only knows
     volumes under Kick 1.3) and that no disk seeks happen at startup)

    The usage of _path is NOT recommended anymore, use the AmigaDOS
    search path instead (builtin command "path").

    _prghash
    The filename where the program hash list (command 'rehash')
    is loaded from and saved to.

    _prompt
    This variable now can contain the following control characters:
     %c  for color change. This highlights your prompt. See _hilite
     %e  for elapsed time. The time the last command took to execute.
     %m  for memory. This shows your current memory in K
     %t  for time. This shows your current time in the format HH:MM:SS
     %d  for date. This shows the current date in the format DD-MMM-YY
     %p  for path. This inserts the complete current path
     %P  for path. This inserts the current path (see also _promptdep)
     %V  for volume. This inserts the current volume
     %n  for number. This inserts the current process number
     %v  for version. This shows the version number of CShell
     %h  for history. This displays the current history number
     %f  for free store. This shows the free store on the current drive
     %r  for pRiority. Inserts the task priority of the current
     %s  for shells open. Inserts the result of 'howmany'
     %U  for user. Shows current user (only with "MultiUser" package)
     %x  for external cmd return code. Yields the last error code
    The default for prompt is now "%c%p> "
    The  if  command  will  set the prompt to a '_ ' if commands are
    disabled while waiting for a 'endif' or 'else' command (interactive
    mode only).

    _promptdep
    Prompt path depth. Holds the maximum number of directories (path
    parts counting from the right) displayed for "%P" (see _prompt) to
    keep prompt smart and short. _promptdep must be greater 0.
    The internal default for "%P" is to display 3 directories.

    _pipe
    The directory where temporaries are stored. Default: 'T:'

    _qcd
    Holds the name of the file where the all directories on your hard
    disk are stored. If not set, disables quick cd-ing.

    _rback
    Is the name of the command to be the prepended to the command line
    when '&' was added to it. Defaults to 'rback', can't be a multi
    word command yet.

    _rxpath
    The same as with _path, but this is where CShell looks for .rexx
    files. Defaults to REXX:

    _scroll
    Holds the number of lines to be scrolled at once when quick
    scrolling is used. If unset or <=1, quick scrolling is off.
    Defaults to 3.

    _terminal
    Indicates whether or not shell was started in terminal mode.

    _timeout
    Set the timeout period (in microsends) for the connected terminal to
    respond to a WINDOW STATUS REQUEST (special Amiga control sequence
    to get window bounds). Only used in terminal mode, of course.

    For local usage a small value is sufficient, for remote usage (eg,
    over a serial line) the value should be much higher (eg, 500000,
    which a 1/2 second).

    _titlebar
    The same control characters as for the _prompt can be used for
    _titlebar, too. The only difference is that %c is ignored. The
    titlebar is updated every time before the prompt appears.

    _verbose
    If set to 's', turns on verbose mode for source files (every command
    will be displayed before being executed). If set to 'a', displays
    all substeps while alias substitution. 'h' will hilight the debug
    output. Any combination allowed: set _verbose sah

    _version
    Contains the version number of the shell, e.g. 510.


X.   FUNCTIONS
--------------

    FUNCTIONS
    Functions are preceded by an @-sign and may not be abbreviated
    They must be preceded by a blank and a blank must follow the opening
    and precede the closing parenthesis. There must be no blank between
    the function name an the opening parenthesis. Example:
       echo @info( df0: )
    (NOTE: Later versions of Shell might allow that functions need not
           be at the beginning of an argument, so quote any @-signs not
           used for functions)

    Functions may be nested. The function names themselves are case
    sensitive, but the operations (like strcmp) aren't.

    Functions can be used as commands. They will echo their return value
    to stdout. Note that they can't be abbreviated and that the function
    list is searched after the command list. Example:
        drives          ---> DF0: DH1: DH2: RAM: WB_2.x:
    Therefore, functions can also be used like this:
        echo $(drives)

    So far, functions are not user definable.

    Note the difference between sets of words and strings. After
      set var hello world
    $var is a wordset, but after
      set var "hello world"
    var is one string. Although they look the same if echoed, they
    behave different, for example in 'foreach i ( var ) "echo hi'. The
    functions @split and @concat convert the two forms.


LIST OF FUNCTIONS:
------------------

    @abbrev( str1 str2 [len] )
    true if the first <len> chars of str1 are an abbreviation of str2
    @abs( num )
    returns absolute value of <num>
    @age( file )
    the age of that file in days, null-string if file not found
    @age_mins()
    the age of that file in minutes, null-string if file not found
    @appsuff( name suffix )
    appends an suffix ( .ZOO ) to a string if it's not already there
    @arg( arg ... arg )
    see @pickargs( )
    @ask( title item ... item )
    asks for confirmation of every item and returns the confirmed ones
    (very similar to @confirm(), but default is negative)
    @availmem( [type] )
    returns free 'chip', 'fast' or otherwise total memory
    @basename( path ... path )
    returns the file name parts of the paths
    @center( word len )
    returns a string of length <len> with <word> centered in it
    @checkport( portname )
    indicates if given port exists
    @clinum( procname )
    returns the number of the cli identified by a name or a number
    @complete( abbrev word ... word )
    returns the first word <abbrev> is an abbreviation of
    @concat( word word ... word )
    concats all words in one blank separated string, see @split
    @confirm( title item ... item )
    asks for confirmation of every item and returns the confirmed ones
    (very similar to @ask(), but default is positive)
    @console( STDIN|STDOUT )
    tells whether stdin or stdout are interactive (not redirected)
    @dectohex( number )
    returns a string representing <number> in hex
    @delword( word word ... word n )
    returns a string with the n-th word deleted.
    @delwords( word word ... word n m )
    deletes the next m words from the n-th.
    @dirname( path )
    strips the base name from a path, just returns the directory
    @dirs( name name name name )
    returns the directories among the given file names, see @files
    @dirstr( lformat file )
    returns any info (size, date, file comment) about a file
    @drive( path )
    outputs the drive ( device ) name associated to <path>
    @drives( )
    outputs all available drives
    @exists( file )
    tells whether a file exists or not
    @fileblks( file file ... file )
    returns the # of blocks needed for the files, incl. dir blocks
    @filedate( file )
    returns a string representing the date of the given file
    @fileinfo
    Equivalent to @dirstr
    @filelen( file file ... file )
    count the total number of bytes of the given files
    @filenote( file )
    returns filenote of given file
    @fileprot( file )
    returns a string like ---arwed
    @filereq( title path&pattern filename )
    brings up the ASL file requester and returns the selected file name
    @files( file file ... file )
    gives you the files among those names, no directories. see @dirs
    @filesize
    Equivalent to @filelen
    @flines( varname )
    counts the number of lines in a readfile-file (faster than @words)
    @freebytes( path )
    the number of free bytes on the given path
    @freeblks( path )
    the number of free blocks on the given path
    @freestore( path )
    the amount of free store on that path, given in K, M and G
    @getenv( varname )
    returns the value of the named env: variable
    @getclass( file )
    returns the class (type) of the file. See chapter XIV
    @hextodec( hex-number )
    returns a string representing <hex-number> in dec
    @howmany( )
    indicates the # of shells running
    @index( string pattern )
    returns the index of pattern in string (starting at 1),
    0 if not found
    @info( path )
    the corresponding line from the 'info' command, each entry a word
    @intersect( word1 word2 word3 , word4 word5 word6 )
    returns all words which are in both lists. see @union, @member
    @ioerr( num )
    returns the corresponding error string to num
    @lookfor( file paths )
    looks for a file in the current directory and the paths. See $_path
    @lower
    lowercases its arguments. see @upper
    @match( word ... word "pattern" )
    returns the words in the list that match the DOS-pattern
    @max( num num ... num )
    computes the maximum of all given numbers
    @megs( number )
    expresses a number in K, M and G (-bytes), rounded correctly
    @member( word1 word word ... word )
    tells you if word1 is among the remaining words
    @min( num num ... num )
    computes the minimum of all given numbers
    @mix( arg1 ... argn )
    randomly mixes its arguments
    @mounted( device )
    returns a boolean indicating whether the specified device is mounted,
    (don't add an extra colon ':' at the end)
    @nameext( filename )
    returns all after the last dot of <filename>.
    @nameroot( filename )
    returns all before the LAST dot of <filename>.
    @opt( arg ... arg )
    see @pickopts( )
    @pathname( path )
    obsolete. use @dirname
    @pickargs( arg ... arg )
    picks of its arguments those which don't start with a '-'
    @pickopts( arg ... arg )
    picks of its arguments those which start which a '-'
    @rnd( seed )
    returns a 32 bit random number (default seed is 1);
    'seed' is optional and can be used to set new seed for @rnd( ),
    if you use seed=0 then CSH takes current system time as seed
    @rpn( expression )
    computes the rpn expression. See rpn command
    @scrheight( )
    outputs the current height of the screen the shell is running in
    @scrwidth( )
    outputs the current width of the screen the shell is running in
    @sortargs( name ... name )
    sorts its arguments alphabetically
    @sortnum( number ... number )
    sorts its arguments numerically
    @split( string )
    makes each blank separated part of @string a word, see @concat
    @strcmp( name name )
    returns -1, 0 or 1 depending of alphabetical comparison
    (case-sensitive)
    @stricmp( name name )
    returns -1, 0 or 1 depending of alphabetical comparison
    (case-insensitive)
    @strhead( breakchar string )
    see strhead command
    @strleft( string number )
    see strleft command
    @strmid( string n1 n2 )
    see strmid command
    @strright( string n )
    see strright command
    @strtail( breakchar string )
    see strtail command
    @subfile( varname n m )
    like @subwords, but acts on a readfile-file and is faster
    @subwords( word ... word n m )
    returns the next m words word of the given list starting from n
    @tackon( path file )
    see tackon command
    @trim( word word word )
    removes all leading and trailing blanks from the words
    @unique( word ... word )
    sorts the arguments and makes each of them unique
    @union( name ... name , name ... name )
    returns all names that are in either list. See @intersect, @member
    @upper( word ... word )
    upper cases the given words. see @lower
    @volume( path )
    returns the volume name in that path or ""
    @wincols( )
    returns the number of columns in the current shell window
    @winheight( )
    outputs the height of your window in pixels
    @winleft( )
    returns the left edge of your window
    @winrows( )
    returns the number of lines in the current shell window
    @wintop( )
    returns the top edge of your window
    @winwidth( )
    outputs the width of your window in pixels
    @without( name ... name , name ... name )
    returns all names of list 1 that are not in list 2
    @word( name ... name n )
    picks the n-th word from the list.
    @words( name ... name )
    returns the number of words in the list.


XI. MISCELLANEOUS
-----------------

    CShell now allows to do quick scrolling in large windows. Quick
    scrolling means that whenever the cursor reaches the bottom of
    the window, the text jumps up 3 or more lines at once. However,
    only the following commands support this:
        dir, cat, htype, strings, search, truncate, tee
    You can choose the number of lines to scroll at once by setting
    the variable _scroll. Unsetting it or setting it to a value <=1
    completely disables quick scrolling.
    You can also choose the number lines a window must at least have
    to turn on the quick scrolling by setting the _minrows variable.
    (Defaults to 34). Quick scrolling is automatically disabled when
    the command is redirected. By piping any command to cat, you can
    force it to quick scroll. Example:  List | cat

    CShell now can be terminated using the closing gadget in the
    AmigaDOS 2.0 shell window. Don't execute c:ENDCLI while using
    the shell. This can cause problems with external commands. The
    closing button provides a 'quit' command. You can define
      alias quit "Endcli;\\quit
    to assert that the CLI window closes when you click the button.


    EXCEPTIONS
    If  no  _except variable exists, any command which fails causes the
    rest of the line to abort as if an ABORTLINE had been executed.  If
    the _except variable exists, it is of the form:

    "nnn;commands..."

    where  nnn  is  some  value  representing  the  minimum return code
    required  to  cause  an  error.   Whenever a command returns a code
    which  is  larger  or  equal  to  nnn,  the commands in _except are
    executed  before  anything.   WHEN _except EXISTS, THE COMMAND LINE
    DOES  NOT  ABORT AUTOMATICALLY.  Thus, if you want the current line
    being executed to be aborted, the last command in _except should be
    an "abortline".

    Exception  handling  is  disabled  while  in the exception handling
    routine (thus you can't get into any infinite loops this way).

    Thus if _except = ";", return codes are completely ignored.

    Example:

    set _except "20;abortline"


XII. EXAMPLE SOURCE FILES
-------------------------

If from a CLI or the startup-script you say 'SHELL filename', that file is
sourced first.

### compat.sh ###

# this makes sure that your old abbreviations don't call new commands

alias as  aset
alias cl  close
alias g   goto
alias h   help
alias he  help
alias m   md
alias q   quit
alias re  rename
alias w   window

alias kr  "rm -r ram:* >NIL:

### End of compat.sh ###


Moreover, if you have a file called S:.cshrc, it will be sourced for every
Shell you run. This is useful for aliases and setting that you want in ALL
Shells.


### Example S:.cshrc ###

Here is an example .cshrc file:

set F5 "cdir WORK:"^M
set f9 "ed s:login.sh"^M
set F9 "ed df0:s/startup-sequence"^M

alias toram  "%q foreach i ( $q ) \"cp -r $i: ram:$i >NIL:;assign $i: ram:$i
alias ramop  "md RAM:op; assign OP: ram:op
alias noop   "assign OP: ; rm -r ram:op
alias newop  "rm -r OP:*
alias dc     "dfc df0: to df1:
alias go     "%q assign WORK: Boot:$q; cd WORK:; source startme.sh
alias get    "%q cp $q RAM: >NIL:
alias filter "%a%b%c exec $b \\<$a \\>$c
    # reads $a, filters it with $b and writes result to $c

alias rm     "%q \\rm @confirm( Remove $q )
# or if you want a more safe one
alias qrm    "%q \\rm @ask( Remove $q )

#alias rm     "%a set f @pickargs( $a );set opts @pickargs( $a );\
# e -n OK to delete @words( @files( $f ) ) file(s) and @words( @dirs( $f ) )\
# directories\"? \";input b;if $b = y;\\rm $opts $f;endif
#        # for the anxious among us: confirmed rm

set _prompt   "%c%p> "
    # this puts the path highlighted in the prompt

# this one puts cli number, free mem, date and time in title bar
set _titlebar "Shell %n    Mem %m     Date %d    Time %t

# This file will be sourced for every Shell you start

### End of example .cshrc ###

****************************************************************************

If you are a CLI user, your startup-sequence may be as simple as:

    C:csh S:startup.sh

Here's a startup code:

### Example S:startup.sh ###

wind -l    # if you are on a PAL machine, or use overscan
    # note that commands may be abbreviated (wind=window)

assign LC: Stuff:c  INCLUDE: Stuff:include   LIB: Boot:lib   QUAD: RAM:

rback C:FaccII; sleep 1
    # after spawning a process, it is always better to allow it
    # to load the command, to avoid excessive drive head movement

resident -d blink lc1 lc2 >NIL:    #defer loading

C:PopCli 300 C:Newcli         #using full pathname loads faster
C:FF -1 Siesta.font >NIL:
C:Patch_1 >NIL:
stack 8000            # lc1 and lc2 need this

source S:setdate.sh        # this is listed next

### End of example startup.sh ###

****************************************************************************

The following is an example source file to set date and time; it may be
used at startup if you don't have an internal clock.

### setdate.sh ###

open CON:200/100/440/80/SetDate write 1
echo >.1 -n "Current date is "
date >.1
echo >.1 -n "Please enter date: "
input <.1 d
close 1
strlen len $d
if $len > 1 ; date $d ; endif
echo -n "New date: " ; date

### End of setdate.sh ###

***************************************************************************

Next comes a makefile that needs no Make program: may be executed from
Shell directly!!!

### make.sh ###

if -t Shell.syms Shell.h; cc +HShell.syms Shell.h; rm shell.o; endif
if -t RAM:Shell.syms Shell.syms; cp -d Shell.syms RAM:; endif

foreach i ( main comm1 comm2 comm3 execom globals rawconsole run set \
 sub ) "if -t $i.o $i.c; echo Compile $i...;cc +IRAM:shell.syms $i.c; endif"

# we used line continuation for better visibility. this is not necessary,
# you can type it all in one line. no more limit of 256 bytes per line

if -t Shell run.o main.o comm1.o comm2.o comm3.o execom.o \
set.o sub.o globals.o rawconsole.o
    ln  +q -m -o Shell run.o main.o comm1.o comm2.o comm3.o\
    execom.o set.o sub.o globals.o rawconsole.o -la -lc
endif

### End of make.sh ###


XIII.  DEFAULT VALUES
---------------------

Some aliases are predefined whenever you start a new Shell. These are:

    CDIR
    Use "cdir directory" to clear the screen, set CD to directory,
    and list it.

    CLS
    Simply clear the screen.

    DSWAP
    Exchanges current and the previous current directory. For use in
    scripts as the symbol for last current directory may change.

    EXIT
    Leave Shell and exit CLI.

    MANLIST
    Display  a list of possible arguments to man.

    RX
    Executes a REXX script. Prevents unwanted starting of 'rxrec'.

Moreover, many variables have default values, and many function keys are
predefined. You can use set command to determine all of these.


XIV.  OBJECT ORIENTED FEATURES
------------------------------

File classes are good for two things: Identifying files and command over-
loading. The latter means that the same command with files of different
type performs completely different actions.

    CLASSES OF FILES

    You can define a class of files using several 'class' commands.
    Here a simple example:

      class picture  suff=.pic suff=.iff suff=.ilbm
      class anim     suff=.anim

    From now on, everything with the suffix .pic, .iff or .ilbm will
    be identified as a picture. Please note that there may be no blanks
    between the names and the '=', and that blanks inside the names
    must be put in quotes. So these are the ways to identify a file:

      suff=.doc        True if the suffix of the file is .doc
      name=readme      True if the file is "readme"
      name="mod.*"     True if the name starts with 'mod.'
      offs=14,DC..C4FD True if the bytes starting at $14 are $DC,
                       anything, $C4, $FD  (all numbers hexadecimal!).
                       Each pair of dots means one byte ignored.
      chars            True if 90% of the bytes in the file are 32..127
                       or 9..13
      default          Always true, used to define the default type

    Note that only the first character is examined, so 's' = 'suff'.
    One class can be identified by more than one 'class' statement.
    They are looked at in the same sequence they were entered. So to
    make sure that an zoo archive misnamed as .lzh is identified
    correctly, use the following 'class' statements:

      class zoo offs=14,DCA7C4FD
      class lzh offs=2,2D6C68..2D
      class zoo suff=.zoo
      class lzh suff=.lzh

    Moreover, there is a builtin class 'dir', which means directory.
    Now we know many file types. But what to do with them? This is
    where we define 'actions'.

    ACTIONS ON CLASSES

    There may be one or more 'class' commands that define what actions
    need to be taken in various cases for that specific class:

      class zoo actions view="zoo -list" extr="zoo -extract"
      class lzh actions view="lz l"      extr="lz e"

    Whenever somebody tries to 'view' a test.zoo, the command
    'zoo -list test.zoo' will be issued, but if he tries to
    view test.lzh, then 'lz l test.lzh' will be executed. Note
    that any command supplied here goes through the normal csh
    parser, so AmigaDOS and csh paths will be searched. Aliases
    with arguments are allowed here, too, so whatever the user
    typed will be stored in the variable after the '%'.

    How do I tell a file that I want to 'view' it? There comes the
    second command used for object oriented features:

      action view test.zoo

    will first identify the type of that file and then apply, if
    possible, the 'view' action to it. Of course, this works best
    inside an alias:  alias v "action view" will define a v-command
    that views all types of files known to cshell. Similarly, you
    can define   alias xtr "action extr" and use this command to
    extract files from any type of archive.
    There is one action that will be sent to every file that you
    try to start but is not executable. This action is 'exec'.
    Assume you have defined the class 'picture', then after

      class picture actions view=Mostra exec=Mostra

    you can display a picture using Mostra by just typing its name.
    More builtin actions like 'rm' and 'dir' may be implemented,
    so don't use command names for action names.

    The batch file class.sh defines a few useful classes.

    SUPERCLASSES

    Assume you have a class for .c files, one for .h files, and
    one for .asm files. You might want to make the difference
    between them when identifying them, but in the end, they're
    all ASCII, aren't they? You can stat this with the command

      class c_source suff=.c is=ascii

    Now whenever an action on a file of the type c_source fails,
    the file is interpreted as of type ascii, and the same
    action is attemted again. This goes on until a class has no
    more superclass.


XV.     KEYMAPS
---------------

    You define a keymap as a collection of key/function pairs. Both
    are given as numbers. There can be several keymaps which activate
    each other, but at first we only edit keymap 0, which is active
    at the beginning. All keys you define will eventually overwrite
    the old definitions in an existing keymap. Everything marked with
    a (*) is not yet implemented.

    KEYCODES

    1..255    The corresponding ASCII character
    256      Up Arrow
    257      Down Arrow
    258      Right Arrow
    259      Left Arrow
    260      Help
    261..270  F1..F10  (unshifted)


    Modifiers (add them to the key code)

    512       SHIFT (only necessary for arrows and fkeys)
    1024      ESC   (was pressed & released before this key)

    EDITFUNCTIONS

    - Movement      Move cursor...
     0  CursLeft    1 left
     1  CursRight   1 right
     2  WordLeft    1 word left
     3  WordRight   1 word right
     4  BegOfLine   to beginning of line
     5  EndOfLine   to end of line

    - Deleting      Delete...
    10  Backspace   char left from cursor
    11  Delete      char right from cursor
    12  BkspcWord   word left from cursor
    13  DelWord     word right from cursor
    14  DeleteToSOL to start of line
    15  DeleteToEOL to end of line
    16  DeleteLine  whole line
    17  DelScreen   whole screen and refresh current line

    - History insert
    20  Back        Move one line back in history
    21  Forward     Move one line forward in history
    22  Beg         Move to first line in history
    23  End         Move to last line in history
    24  Complete    History retrieve like '!'
    25  Exec        Execute history line & bring up next
    26  Tail        Insert previous line except first word
    27  Bottom      Go below last history command
    28  DupWord     Duplicates the last word on this line
    29  LastPrev    Insert last word of previous line

    - Completion
    30  Normal      Insert first matching file (or cycle)
    31  Partial     Insert common substring of all matching files
    32  All         Insert all matching files
    33  Directory   Find dir in quick cd list
    34  LastCD      Insert last current directory
    35  Show        Shows all matching files
    36  CompPrg1    Insert first matching program (or cycle)
    37  CompPrgAll  Shows all matching programs

    - Special
    40  Insert      Toggle Insert/Overwrite
    41  Quit        Silently perform 'quit'
    42  Help        Silently perform 'help'
    43  Refresh     Redraw current line
    44  Execute     Execute current line
    45  Leave       Edit new line, store this in hist
    46  EOF         Terminate shell
    47  NOP         Do nothing
    48  Echo^O      Echoes a ^O
    49  Beep        Echoes a ^G

    - Other
    50  Fkey        Execute command associated to last fkey
    51  Menu        Execute command associated to last menu
    52  Undo        Undoes last edit
    53  Repeat      Repeats last function
    54  SwapChar    Swaps the two chars left of cursor
    55  QuoteChar   Quote next char


    Command types

    0   +x      Editing function x, see above descriptions
    512 +x      Setmap x,     x=0..7
    1024+x      Insert key x, x=1..255
    1536+x      Macro x       x=1..15         (*)
    2048+x      String x      x=1..15         (*)

    Examples:

    keymap 0    66=49    # the  B key will beep
    keymap 0     2=16    # ^B key will erase line
    keymap 0  1122=35    # ESC-b will show matching files
    keymap 0 9=31 521=30 # Swaps TAB and SHIFT-TAB

    keymap 0 260=47      # do nothing on help
    keymap 0 12=17       # clear screen and refresh line on ^L
    keymap 0 18=29       # insert last word of prev line on ^R


XVI.    SCROLLING
-----------------

console.device
--------------

Ever wondered why Commodore's shell scroll a standard ASCII text file
very fast and why CSH scrolls (despite line-buffering in most commands)
the same text file at a noticable slower speed?

Now, first of all it must be said that CSH uses the same console
environment as Commodore's shell does.  So in fact both shells will
scroll at the SAME speed -- provided that they're configured in a
similar way.

Excerpt from "console" autodoc:

|     V39 console.device takes advantage of the ability to mask
|     bitplanes for faster scrolling, clearing, and rendering.
|     The actual number of bitplanes scrolled depends on which
|     colors you set via the SGR sequences.  For those using
|     the defaults of PEN color 1, and cell color 0, console.device
|     only needs to scroll 1 bitplane.  The actual number
|     of bitplanes scrolled is reset when ESCc is sent, and when
|     the console window is entirely cleared (e.g., FF).  In
|     general this should cause no compatability problems, unless
|     you are mixing console rendering with graphic.library calls
|     in the same portions of your window.  Console.device considers
|     the number of bitplanes it must scroll, and the screen display
|     depth so that interleaved bitplane scrolling can be taken
|     advantage of in cases where performance is not significantly
|     affected (interleaved scrolling, and masking are mutually
|     exclusive).  The determination of how many planes to scroll
|     is undefined, and may change in the future.

In other words:

After opening a window or sending ANSI sequences that clear the window
(ESC c, FF) the console.device checks how much bitplanes are in use.
The number of bitplanes depends on the number of colors used in this
window.

If there's only 1 color in use (this is default in Commodore's shell)
then console.device can perform very fast scrolling because only one
bitplane needs to be scrolled.

The scroll speed becomes slower the more colors you use.  Lots of
programs use at least one additional color by default.  This looks
nice but slows down scrolling.  Besides others, CSH is one of the
programs that make use of additional colors.  By default CSH has a
colored prompt.  And some internal commands like "dir" use a color
to highlight text.

With the variable "_hilite" you can control how CSH highlights text.
If you type "set _hilite b" then text will be highlighted by making
it bold.  See "man _hilite" for further information.

If you want really fast text scrolling then avoid using colors in text
output. For example, add "set _hilite b" in your "s:.cshrc" file.  And
configure other programs (like NewList, a very cool directory lister
by Phil Dietz) so that they don't use colored output.

If you have to use colored text (for any reason) then clear the window
as soon as possible to allow the console.device to re-enable fast text
scrolling.

ALWAYS REMEMBER:

To enable fast scrolling you must clear the screen (ESC c, FF) first.

As soon as you use more than one color in your text output,
console.device switches back to normal (slow) scrolling automatically.
Then you have to clear the screen manually to re-activate optimized
(fast) scrolling.


CpuBlit
-------

You're running CpuBlit and you wonder why under Kickstart 2.x text
scrolls faster than under Kickstart 3.x.

Check if you call CpuBlit with option "-b". This option MUST be set
to allow CpuBlit the handling of (so called) "broken" bitmaps.